Te Tūranga o te Matawhenua ki te Kitea o ngā Puna Wai Ma
He matea taketake te wai mā e whakatau ana i te hauora, te hua, me te kounga o te oranga o te tangata. Heoi, kāore i te ōrite te tohatoha o tōna wātea: he nui ngā rauemi wai i ētahi rohe, ko ētahi he roa te tauraki. Kei muri i ēnei rerekētanga, he mahi nui te matawhenua. Ko te matawhenua—te ako i te whenua, i ōna toka, i ōna hanganga, me ngā tukanga e hanga ana i aua mea—he mea nui ki te mārama ki te wāhi e rongoa ai te wai, me pēhea te rere i raro i te mata, me pēhea te pupuri i tōna kounga. I roto i te horopaki o te kimi i ngā puna wai mā, ehara i te mea ka āwhina noa te matawhenua ki te "kimi wai" engari ka āwhina hoki ki te whakarite kia haumaru, kia mau tonu, kia pai hoki te taiao o te wai.
1. Wai whenua me ngā puna wai: ngā "pūnga wai" tūturu i raro i te mata
He maha ngā puna wai māori e ahu mai ana i te wai whenua. Ka rongoatia te wai whenua ki roto i ngā puna wai, arā, ngā paparanga toka, ngā paru rānei, ka taea te rongoa me te kawe i te wai. Ko te noho o ngā puna wai e whakawhirinaki ana ki te momo rauemi whenua:
– He nui te kaha o te onepu me te kirikiri ki te uruhanga wai, ā, he pai ēnei hei puna wai.
– Ka taea e te kōhatu uku (tioka) i ngā wāhi karst te hanga i tētahi whatunga o ngā kōhao me ngā awaawa o raro whenua, e pupuri ana i te nui o te wai.
– He kikī ake ngā toka mura me ngā toka āhua-whakaahua, engari ka taea te huri hei puna wai mena he maha ngā pakaru, ngā rohe huarere rānei.
– He tino iti ngā pūwero o te uku, ā, he iti hoki te urunga o te wai, nō reira he paparanga ā-roto tōna e "raka" ana i te wai i roto i te puna wai i raro iho.
Mā te mārama ki ngā āhuatanga o ngā toka me ngā onepū, ka taea e ngā tohunga whenua te whakatau tata ki te wāhi kei reira ngā puna wai, te matotoru o aua puna, me te mea he nui te hua hei whakatutuki i ngā hiahia wai ma.
2. Mahere whenua: te taahiraa tuatahi ki te kimi wai ma
He onge te kimi i ngā puna wai mā te whakamātautau me te hapa. Ko tētahi o ngā takoha matua a te matawhenua ko te mahere matawhenua me te waiwhenua. Kei roto i tēnei mahere:
– te tohatoha o ngā momo toka,
– ngā hanganga whenua pēnei i ngā hapa me ngā takai,
– te matotoru o te paparanga paru,
– te ahunga o te pari o te paparanga (te hekenga) e pā ana ki te rere o te wai.
Mai i ngā mapi whenua, ka taea e koe te whakatau i ngā rohe kei reira ngā wāhi whakahou pea, ngā ara rere o te wai whenua, tae atu ki ngā wāhi tino tūpono mō te keri poka. Hei tauira, he pai ngā putunga onepu-kirikiri o ngā mania awaawa e tata ana ki ngā awa, ko ngā wāhi ia he uku matotoru he iti te kaha o te wai whenua, he iti rānei te rere o ngā puna.
3. Hanganga whenua: ngā hapa me ngā pakaru hei "ara" wai
Ehara i te mea ka rere noa te wai whenua mā roto i ngā pūwero o ngā paru engari mā roto hoki i ngā pakaru me ngā hapa o ngā toka. I roto i te maha o ngā wāhi pukepuke, maunga rānei, ka taea e ngā hapa te mahi hei "huarahi" mō te wai kia uru atu, kia rere hoki. Nō reira, ka nui ngā puna o ngā wāhi e karapoti ana i ētahi hapa.
Heoi anō, ka taea hoki e ngā hanganga whenua te whakararu i ngā tūponotanga. Ka taea e ngā hapa te mahi hei ara mō ngā poke mai i te mata ki te tomo ki ngā puna wai, inā koa he ngoikore te whakamahinga whenua (hei tauira, te wai para o te whare, te ahuwhenua kaha rānei). Koinei te wāhi e whai wāhi nui ai te whenua: ehara i te mea ko te tautuhi i ngā wāhi he nui te wai engari ko te aromatawai hoki i ō rātou ngoikoretanga ki te poke.
4. Te matawhenua me te keri: te whakarite i ngā ūnga wai i mua i te keri i te puna
I muri i te wāhanga mahere, ka mahi ngā tohunga whenua me ngā tikanga ā-whenua hei "kite" i ngā āhuatanga o raro i te whenua me te kore e keri. Ko ngā tikanga e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko:
– Te ātete whenua (te ātete ki te wai): ka āwhina ki te tautuhi i ngā paparanga kua mākū ki te wai, ki te wehewehe i te onepu kua mākū ki te wai mai i te uku, me te whakatau tata i te hohonutanga o ngā puna wai.
– Te rū whenua pāpaku: he mea whai hua mō te mārama ki te paparanga o ngā onepū me ngā rohe o te paparanga.
– GPR (radar poka whenua) i raro i ētahi tikanga: hei kite i ngā paparanga pāpaku, i ngā kōhao karst rānei.
Kātahi ka honoa ngā hua o te whakamaoritanga ā-whenua me ngā raraunga ā-whenua hei whakatau i ngā wāhi keri whai hua. I te wā keri, ka taea e ngā tohunga whenua te hanga i ngā rangitaki lithology (ngā tuhinga o ngā paparanga toka i werohia), te whakatau i ngā wā i waenganui i ngā puna wai, ā, ka tūtohu kia tāutahia he ārai poka ki te hohonu e tika ana. Mā tēnei ka piki ake te tūponotanga o te rere o te wai pumau me te kounga pai o te wai.
5. Matūwhenua: aromatawai i te kounga me te haumaru o te wai
Kāore e ranea te kimi wai; me haumaru, me tutuki hoki i ngā paerewa. He mahi nui tā te matawhenua ki te mārama ki ngā taunekeneke o te wai me ngā toka ka pā ki te kounga o te wai, hei tauira:
– Nā te nui o te rino (Fe) me te manganese (Mn) i roto i ētahi puna wai ka puta he kakara, he tae rānei o te wai.
– Ka taea e ngā wāhi puia te whakaputa wai he nui te ihirangi o ētahi kohuke.
– Ka taea e ngā toka kei roto ētahi huānga te whakararu i ngā raruraru pērā i te nui rawa o te āheniki, te pūhaumāota rānei (i runga i ngā āhuatanga o te rohe).
– Ka taea e te urunga mai o te wai moana ki ngā takutai te whakanui ake i te tote o te wai whenua.
Mā te tātaritanga matū whenua, ka taea te whakatau mēnā he pai te wai mō te inu, me tukatuka rānei (tātari, whakapūhau, whakangawari), me whiriwhiri rānei i tētahi atu puna wai haumaru ake.
6. Ngā whenua kārst me ngā puna wai: ngā whai wāhitanga me ngā wero nui
He maha ngā wā e mōhiotia ana ngā rohe karst (kōhatu kōhatu) mō ō rātou puna nui. Ka tere te mimiti o te wai ua mā roto i ngā awaawa, ngā pakaru, me ngā kapiti, kātahi ka puta hei puna i te take o te puke. Ahakoa he tino mīharo tōna pūmanawa, he ngoikore anō hoki te karst: nā te tere o te rere o te wai mā roto i ngā awaawa nui, he iti noa te tukanga tātari taiao o te oneone. Nō reira, he tino ngāwari te karst ki te parahanga mai i ngā para o te whare, te ahuwhenua kararehe, ngā mahi ahumahi rānei.
Mā te matawhenua ka āwhina i te mahere i ngā pūnaha karst: ngā wāhi urunga wai, ngā awaawa o raro whenua, me ngā wāhi hopu wai. Mā tēnei, ka taea te hanga i te tiakitanga o ngā rohe urunga wai hei pupuri i te kounga o te wai ma.
7. Te matawhenua me te oranga tonutanga: te karo i ngā raruraru wai ā muri ake nei
Me whakahaere ngā puna wai ma kia kore ai e mimiti. He mahi tā te matawhenua ki te whakatau tata i:
– te kaha o te puna wai,
– te tere o te whakahou,
– te pānga o te tango wai ki ngā taumata wai whenua,
– te tūponotanga o te horonga o te whenua nā te nui rawa o te whakamahinga.
I ngā tāone nui, mā te tango wai whenua i te nui rawa o te wai e hiahiatia ana ka tino heke te taumata wai, ka uru te wai moana ki te takutai, ā, ka heke te wai. Mā te whakamahi i te huarahi waiwhenua, ka taea e te whakahaere wai te whakataurite i ngā hiahia o te tangata me ngā rauemi taiao, hei tauira, mā te whakawhāiti i te tukunga o ngā puna, te whakahaere i ngā puna whakaputa, me te whakatinana i ngā kaupapa tiaki urunga.
8. Te whakaurunga ki te whakamahere ā-wāhi me te whakaiti i te mōrearea
He mea nui anō hoki te matawhenua i roto i te whakamahere ā-wāhi. Me urutau ngā wāhi o ngā puna wai, ngā whakaurunga wai ma, me ngā rohe tiaki puna wai ki ngā āhuatanga matawhenua o te rohe. Hei tauira:
– Kaua e whakanoho i ngā puna wai tata ki ngā whenua ururua, ki ngā puna waikura rānei i ngā rohe e tino uru ana te wai.
– Tiakina ngā ngahere me ngā rohe hopu wai i ngā rohe whakarunga hei whakanui ake i te urunga mai o te wai.
– Whakatauhia te tawhiti haumaru i waenga i te puna me ngā pūtake parahanga pea.
– Te matapae i ngā āhuatanga kino pēnei i ngā waipuke me ngā horo whenua ka kino pea ki ngā hanganga wai.
Mā tēnei, ka āwhina te matawhenua ki te whakaiti i te mōrearea o te whakararuraru i ngā puna wai ma, ā, ka pupuri hoki i tōna kounga mō te wā roa.
Whakamutunga
He mea nui te mahi a te matawhenua ki te kimi i ngā puna wai ma. Mā te mārama ki ngā puna wai, te mahere i ngā toka me ngā hanganga, te whakamahi i ngā tikanga matawhenua, te tātari matū whenua, me ngā rangahau oranga tonutanga, ka taea e te matawhenua te whakahaere i te tūhuratanga wai i roto i te pūtaiao, i te whai hua, me te haumaru. I waenganui i te tipu o te taupori, te noho tāone, me te huringa āhuarangi, kei te piki haere te hiranga o te huarahi matawhenua hei whakarite i te urunga tika me te oranga tonutanga ki te wai ma. Mā te whakamahi i te matawhenua hei pūtake mō te whakamahere me te whakahaere, ehara i te mea ka kitea noa e ngā hapori te wai engari ka tiakina hoki ōna puna mō ngā whakatipuranga o muri mai.
