Schopenhauer me te Rapunga Whakaaro o te Hiahia
Ko Arthur Schopenhauer (1788–1860) tētahi o ngā tohunga whakaaro nui o te rautau 19. I tino awe ana whakaaro i ngā momo mara, mai i te rapunga whakaaro me te hinengaro ki te toi me te tuhituhi. Ko tētahi o ngā ariā matua o tana rapunga whakaaro ko te ariā o te "hiahia," koinei te tūāpapa me te pokapū o tana ariā matatika katoa. Ka tirohia e tēnei tuhinga te rapunga whakaaro a Schopenhauer mō te hiahia, ōna ariā matua, me tōna awe ki ngā whakaaro o nāianei.
Kōrero Poto
I whānau mai a Arthur Schopenhauer i te 22 o Pēpuere, 1788, i Danzig (ināianei ko Gdańsk, Pōrana). He kaihokohoko whai rawa tōna matua, ko tōna whaea ia he kaituhi rongonui. Ko tana mātauranga tōmua i aro ki te whai i ngā tapuwae o tōna matua i te ao tauhokohoko, engari i muri i te matenga o tōna matua, ka aro nui a Schopenhauer ki ngā akoranga mātauranga, inā koa te rapunga whakaaro.
I ako ia i ētahi whare wānanga rongonui o Tiamana, tae atu ki te Whare Wānanga o Göttingen me te Whare Wānanga o Berlin. I reira, i ako ia i ngā mahi a Immanuel Kant , he pūtake nui tēnei mō āna whakaaro matatika. I te tau 1818, i whakaputa a Schopenhauer i tana mahi rongonui, "Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung" (Te Ao hei Hiahia me te Māngai), i noho hei tuhinga matua i roto i tana whakamārama matatika mō te hiahia.
Te Ariā o te Hiahia i roto i te Rapunga Whakaaro o Schopenhauer
E ai ki a Schopenhauer, e rua ngā wāhanga o te ao: ko te ao hei āhuatanga (te ao hei whakaaturanga) me te ao hei noumena (te ao hei hiahia).
1. Te Ao hei Whakaaturanga:
I roto i tēnei ariā, ka whai a Schopenhauer i ngā tapuwae o Immanuel Kant e kī ana ko te ao e kitea ana e tātou he hua nō ō tātou ake tirohanga me ngā hanganga hinengaro. Ko te ao hei whakaaturanga ko te ao e pāngia ana e tātou mā te mana o ō tātou whakaaro me ngā kare ā-roto. Ko tēnei ao he mea hanga e te wāhi, te wā, me te takenga mai—ngā kāwai katoa kua tautuhia e te hinengaro tonu.
2. Te Ao hei Mana:
Ko te āhuatanga tino hirahira o te rapunga whakaaro a Schopenhauer ko tana ariā mō te ao hei hiahia. I tautohe ia kei muri i ngā whakaaturanga katoa he mana taketake i huaina e ia ko te "hiahia." Ehara tēnei hiahia i te mea whakaaro nui, ehara hoki i te mea matatika, engari he mana matapo, he mea koretake e ahu mai ana i ngā āhuatanga katoa o te ao.
E ai ki a Schopenhauer, ehara tēnei hiahia i te mea he hihiri koiora pērā i te hiakai me te hiahia nui, engari he kaha matakite anō hoki kei roto i ngā mea me ngā āhuatanga taiao katoa. Ko te hiahia te mauri o te ao tūturu. Hei tauira, ka tupu, ka whanake te rākau, ehara i te mea he kaupapa tōna, engari nā te mea he hihiri matakite e whakatupu ana i a ia.
Te Mamae me te Ora
He tirohanga tino pōuri a Schopenhauer mō te oranga tangata. Ki a ia, he raupapa mamae mutunga kore te ora. Mā te hiahia ka hiahia tonu te tangata ki ngā mea, ā, ka puta te mamae i ēnei hiahia. Ina tutuki ngā hiahia, he wā poto noa iho te makona, ā, ka puta tonu mai ngā hiahia hou, ka puta ake he mamae anō.
I wehea e ia te oranga o te tangata kia rua ngā āhua: te mamae i te rawakore me te mamae i te hoha. I roto i te āhua rawakore, ka mamae te tangata i te kore e taea te whakatutuki i ō rātou hiahia. Heoi, ina tutuki ngā hiahia, ka puta te hoha, ā, ka puta he hiahia hou, me ērā atu.
Te Otinga a Schopenhauer
Ahakoa ōna tirohanga tino pouri, he maha ngā huarahi a Schopenhauer hei wikitoria i te mamae i puta mai i te hiahia:
1. Ataahua:
I tautohe a Schopenhauer ko te toi, inā koa te puoro, he huarahi hei wetewete i a ia anō i te hiahia. I roto i te wheako ataahua, ka taea e te tangata te tae ki te āhua wehe atu i te hiahia me te mamae, ahakoa he wā poto noa iho. E ai ki a Schopenhauer, ko te puoro te momo toi tino parakore nā te mea ko te hihiri o te hiahia tonu te tohu.
2. Te Whakaiti i te Manawa:
Ko tētahi atu huarahi hei mawhiti atu i te mana o te hiahia ko te whakarērea i ngā hiahia o te ao. Mā te noho noa i te ao me te whakakore i ngā ahuareka o te ao, ka taea e te tangata te whiwhi māramatanga me te whakaiti i te mamae. He maha ngā kōrero a Schopenhauer mō ngā whakaakoranga whakapono o te Rawhiti pērā i te Buddhism me te Hinduism, e whakanui ana i te hiranga o te tuku i ngā hiahia.
3. Aroha:
E ai ki a Schopenhauer, ko te aroha ki ētahi atu mea ora he huarahi anō hoki hei puta atu i te mamae. Mā te wheako i te aroha me te ngākau aroha, ka taea e te tangata te whakaiti i te kaha o ngā hiahia e aro ana ki te whakapehapeha me te hiahia whaiaro.
Te awe o Schopenhauer
He whānui, he hohonu hoki te awe o ngā whakaaro o Schopenhauer. Friedrich Nietzsche, ko Sigmund Freud, ko Richard Wagner, tae noa ki a Albert Einstein ētahi o ngā tino tangata i awehia e ōna tirohanga.
1. Nietzsche:
Ahakoa i whai a Nietzsche i tētahi huarahi rerekē i muri mai i roto i tana rapunga whakaaro, i tino whakaaweawetia ia e ngā mahi a Schopenhauer. He maha ngā ariā o te hiahia i tangohia e Nietzsche engari kātahi ka whakawhanakehia kia rite ki "te hiahia ki te mana."
2. Freud:
He nui te awe o ngā tirohanga a Schopenhauer mō te hiahia me te mamae ki te hinengaro tātaritanga a Freud. Ko ngā ariā pēnei i te id, te ego, me te superego ka kitea hei whakaata i te pakanga i waenga i te hiahia me te mooni.
3. Wagner:
I whakaaweawehia hoki te kaitito waiata Tiamana a Richard Wagner e te māramatanga a Schopenhauer ki te puoro hei whakaaturanga o te hiahia. I kite a Wagner i te puoro hei ara e taea ai te whiti atu i ngā herenga o te reo, me te pā ki te mauri hohonu o te ora.
Whakamutunga
He tohunga whakaaro a Arthur Schopenhauer i waiho i tētahi tohu hohonu ki te hītori o te rapunga whakaaro me te whakaaro tangata. E whakamārama ana tana rapunga whakaaro mō te hiahia ki ngā āhuatanga hohonu o te oranga tangata e warewarehia ana, pērā i te āhua koretake o te hiahia me te āhua tonu o te mamae.
Ahakoa ōna whakaaro pōuri, i tukuna e Schopenhauer ngā huarahi mā te tangata ki te kimi i te herekore i te mamae mā roto i te toi, te noho pūmau, me te aroha ki te tangata. Kei te pānuihia tonutia, kei te akohia hoki āna mahi, e whakaatu ana i te hiranga me te roa o te oranga o āna whakaaro i roto i te ao o nāianei.
Ehara i te mea he pae hou noa iho te rapunga whakaaro a Schopenhauer mō te hiahia i roto i te ao matatika, engari he whakaata anō hoki e akiaki ana i a tātou ki te titiro ki a tātou anō me te pātai i ngā hihiri hohonu o ā tātou mahi me ā tātou hiahia. Koinei te taonga tuku iho e waiho ana a Arthur Schopenhauer hei tangata matua i roto i te hītori o te whakaaro tangata.
