Ngā Tirohanga Matatau a David Hume mō te Empiricism
Ko David Hume, he tohunga whakaaro Kōtimana o te rautau 18, he tangata matua i roto i te tikanga rapunga whakaaro empiricist. Ko te empiricism tonu he kura rapunga whakaaro e whakanui ana i te pūtake mai o te mātauranga i ngā wheako ā-pānga. I roto i ana mahi rongonui, "A Treatise of Human Nature" me "An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding," i whakamārama a Hume i te mahi nui a te wheako ki te hanganga o te mātauranga, me ngā pānga rerekē o tēnei tirohanga.
Te Mātauranga Matatau a Hume
Ko te mea nui o te tirohanga a Hume ki ngā wheako tūturu ko tana whakaaro ko ō tātou whakaaro katoa i ahu mai i ngā "whakaaturanga," arā, ngā wheako tika e pā ana ki ō tātou mātakitaki. E ai ki a Hume, ko te hinengaro tangata he rite tonu ki te tabula rasa (he papa kau) kī tonu i te wheako. Ina kite tuatahi tātou, ina rongo, ina hongi, ina reka rānei i tētahi mea, ka whiwhi tātou i ngā kare ā-roto. Mai i ēnei kare ā-roto, ka hangaia ngā whakaaro.
I roto i te pukapuka "An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding," ka wehewehe a Hume i ngā "whakaaro" me ngā "whakaaro." He kaha, he oraora, he tika ngā wheako o ngā whakaaro, engari he ngoikore ake ngā whakaaro, he atarangi, he whakaata rānei o aua whakaaro. Hei tauira, ina kite tātou i tētahi aporo, ka mau tātou i tētahi whakaaro mōna. Heoi, ina mahara tātou ki te aporo i muri mai, ka whai whakaaro tātou mōna.
I kī anō a Hume, ahakoa te uaua o ngā whakaaro katoa, ka taea te wehewehe ki ngā whakaaro māmā noa iho. Hei tauira, ko te whakaaro o te "hōiho parirau" he whakakotahitanga o te whakaaro o te hōiho me te whakaaro o ngā parirau. E whakaatu ana tēnei ko te auahatanga o te tangata ki te whakaputa whakaaro hou he mea here noa ki te whakakotahi, ki te wawahi, me te whakarerekē i ngā whakaaro kua pā ki a ia i mua.
Te Mātāpono o te Taketake
Ko tētahi o ngā takoha nui a Hume ki te mātauranga whaimana ko tana tirohanga ki te kaupapa o te take me te pānga. I ngā tirohanga matatika o mua, i kiia te take me te pānga he whanaungatanga tuturu i waenga i te take me te pānga. Heoi, i whakahē a Hume i tēnei whakaaro mā te tautohe ko ngā mea e kitea ana e tātou he whanaungatanga take he hua noa iho o te tikanga, o te wheako auau rānei.
Hei tauira, ina kite tātou i te pōro piriata, te pōro piriata tuarua, me te pōro tuarua e neke ana, ka kī tātou ko te pōro tuatahi te take o te nekehanga o te pōro tuarua. Heoi, i kī a Hume kāore tātou e kite i te "taketake"; ka kite noa tātou i te raupapa o ngā kaupapa e puta ana i roto i te raupapa. Nō reira, e ai ki a Hume, ehara te taketake i te whanaungatanga e tika ana, engari he whakatau i hangaia e ō tātou hinengaro i runga i ngā kitenga maha.
He pānga nui tō tēnei tirohanga ki te āhua o tā tātou mārama ki ngā ture o te taiao me te mātauranga pūtaiao. Mena he tikanga noa iho ngā ture o te taiao i ahu mai i ngā kitenga maha, kāore he taurangi arorau ka noho tonu ēnei ture i ngā rā kei te heke mai. Koinei te pūtake o te whakahē a Hume mō te mātauranga pūtaiao; heoi, kāore a Hume e whakahē ana i ngā mahi pūtaiao, engari e akiaki ana i a tātou kia tūpato i te wā e whakatau ana i ngā whakatau i runga i ngā wheako wheako.
Te Arotake i te Mātāpono o te Whakangungu
He rongonui anō hoki a Hume mō tana whakahē i te kaupapa o te whakaawe, te tikanga whakatau whānui mai i ētahi kitenga motuhake. Hei tauira, ki te kite tātou ka ara ake te rā i te rawhiti i ia ata, ka whakatau tātou ka ara ake tonu i te rawhiti. E ai ki a Hume, kāore i te whai take tika tēnei whakatau.
Ki a Hume, kāore rawa e taea te whakamātau i te kaupapa o te whakapūtanga i runga i te whakaaro tika. Mēnā ka kite tātou i tētahi kapu tī e wera tonu ana te reka, ka taea e tātou te whakatau he wera katoa ngā tī. Heoi, i ahu mai tēnei i ngā wheako o mua anake, ehara i te taurangi arorau. Nō reira, ko ngā whakatau whānui i ahu mai i te whakapūtanga he tūponotanga noa iho, kāore i te tino mārama.
He nui ngā pānga o te arotake a Hume mō te whakapūtanga ki ngā tikanga pūtaiao, ina hoki he whānui te whakapūtanga. Kāore a Hume i whakaaro kia mutu te whakamahinga o te whakapūtanga, engari e whakamahara ana tana arotake i ngā herenga o te tikanga whakapūtanga me te hiranga o te mōhio ki a ia anō i roto i te kī he mōhiotanga pūtaiao.
Ngā Take Tuakiri o ngā Kaimahi
Ko tētahi atu āhuatanga o te rapunga whakaaro a Hume e tika ana kia kōrerohia ko ōna tirohanga mō te tuakiri whaiaro. I ruarua a Hume i te whakaaro he 'whaiaro' pumau, pumau hoki. Ki a Hume, ina ngana tātou ki te whakaaroaro ki a tātou anō, ka kitea noa iho he raupapa o ngā kare ā-roto me ngā whakaaro e huri haere ana, pērā i te mamae, te harikoa, ngā whakaaro, me ngā kare ā-roto. Kāore he 'whaiaro' pumau engari he kohinga o ngā wheako takitahi.
He rerekē tēnei tirohanga ki te ariā noa mō te tuakiri whaiaro, e kite ana i te tangata hei mea honohono, hei mea tonu. E akiaki ana a Hume i a tātou kia nui ake te whakahē i te ariā o te 'Ahau' pumau, engari kia whakaarohia te tuakiri whaiaro hei hua o ēnei wheako e puta ake ana.
Te Matatika me te Kare ā-roto
Ko tētahi atu āhuatanga whakamere o te tirohanga a Hume ko tana tirohanga ki te matatika. Kāore i rite ki ōna mua, i kī ko te matatika e ahu mai ana i te whakaaro nui, i te ture atua rānei, i kī a Hume he hononga tata te matatika ki ngā kare ā-roto, ngā kare ā-roto rānei o te tangata. E ai ki a Hume, ko ngā whakatau matatika e ahu mai ana i ngā kare ā-roto o te harikoa, o te kore harikoa rānei e pā ana ki ētahi mahi.
I tautohe a Hume, kāore e taea e te whakaaro anake te pūtake o ngā mahi matatika. Ka taea anake e te whakaaro te whakarato i ngā mōhiohio mō te ao tūturu engari kāore e taea te whakarato i te hihiri mō te mahi. Engari, ko te kare ā-roto, ko te kare ā-roto rānei te kaupapa matua e akiaki ana i a tātou ki te mahi matatika. E whakaatu ana tēnei ko te matatika, ki tā Hume titiro, he mea whaiaro ake, he mea kare ā-roto ake i te mea whai take me te mea whaitake.
Whakamutunga
I tuku a David Hume i tētahi tirohanga matatika mō te whakapono ki ngā mea e kitea ana, ā, i angitu ai te hurihanga o te huarahi e mārama ai tātou ki te mātauranga, te hononga take, te tuakiri whaiaro, me te matatika. Mā te whakanui i te wheako hei puna matua o te mātauranga, i whakarato a Hume i tētahi turanga pakari mō te whakapono ki ngā mea e kitea ana, i te wā anō hoki e wero ana i ngā whakaaro maha i whakaaetia i mua kāore i te arotakehia . Nā te whakahē hohonu, kāore i te whakarei ake a Hume i te tikanga whakapono ki ngā mea e kitea ana, engari i whakarato anō hoki i tētahi tirohanga matatika me te whakaaroaro mō ngā herenga me ngā āheinga o te mātauranga tangata.
Nō reira, kei te whai tikanga tonu ngā tirohanga matatika a Hume mō te whakapono ki ngā mea o te ao i ēnei rā, e tono ana kia mataara, kia arohaehae hoki tātou i te aromatawai i ngā pūtake me te tika o ō tātou mātauranga. Hei tangata whakapono ki ngā mea o te ao, e akiaki ana a David Hume kia hoki tonu tātou ki te wheako hei pūtake matua mō te hanga i tō tātou māramatanga ki te ao.
