Te Oranga me te Herekoretanga Takitahi
Ko te oranga tangata he kura rapunga whakaaro e whakanoho ana i te oranga tangata ki waenganui o tana arotahi. Kāore i rite ki ētahi atu huarahi rapunga whakaaro, e tīmata pea ana me ngā whakaaro whānui, ka tīmata te oranga tangata me ngā wheako takitahi tūturu. Ko ngā kaupapa matua o te oranga tangata ko te rapu tikanga, te herekore, me te kawenga takitahi. Ka tūhuratia e tēnei tuhinga te āhua o te tātari a te rapunga whakaaro oranga tangata i te ariā o te herekore takitahi, tētahi o ngā pou matua o tēnei kura.
Te Oranga-ā-Iwi: He Kupu Whakataki Poto
I puta ake te ariā o te oranga tonutanga hei kaupapa rapunga whakaaro i te rautau 19 me te 20, i ahu mai i ngā kaipūkenga whakaaro pērā i a Søren Kierkegaard rāua ko Friedrich Nietzsche , ā, i muri mai ka whakatinanahia e ngā tino tangata pērā i a Jean-Paul Sartre, Albert Camus, me Simone de Beauvoir. I te nuinga o te wā, ka whakanuia e te ariā o te oranga tonutanga ngā āhuatanga whaiaro o te oranga tangata—ngā kare ā-roto, ngā wheako, me ngā whiringa whaiaro.
I whakanui a Søren Kierkegaard, e kiia ana ko te "Matua o te Oranga-ā-Iwi," i te hiranga o te whakatau whaiaro me te pono a te tangata takitahi, e kōrero ana mō te "peke o te whakapono." I tetahi atu taha, he rongonui a Friedrich Nietzsche mō tana whakaaro mō te "Übermensch," te tangata rangatira rānei, e hipa ana i ngā uara matatika tuku iho, ā, e hanga ana i ana ake uara hou.
Te Herekoretanga Takitahi i roto i te Whakaponotanga
I kī a Jean-Paul Sartre, tētahi o ngā tino tohunga o te ariā o te ao tūroa, "ko te ao tūroa te mea e mua i te mauri." Ko te tikanga o tēnei, ko te tangata te mea tuatahi e ora ai, kātahi ka whakatau ko wai rātou (tō rātou mauri) mā roto i ā rātou mahi me ā rātou whiringa. E whakanui ana tēnei tirohanga i te hiranga o te herekoretanga takitahi ki te hanga i tō rātou ake tuakiri, me te kore he whakahāwea o waho, he whakatau rānei.
I kī a Sartre, "kua whakataua te tangata kia herekore." Ehara tēnei i te herekore ā-ture, ā-mutunga kore rānei, engari he herekore e whai kawenga ana. He taumaha te kawenga o tēnei herekore, nā te mea me ia herekoretanga ki te whiriwhiri ka puta mai ngā hua me pikau e te tangata takitahi. Kāore e taea te whakamahi i tētahi take o waho, i tētahi whakatau rānei hei karo i te kawenga mō ngā kōwhiringa whaiaro.
E ai ki a Sartre, he maha ngā wā ka ngana te tangata ki te karo i tēnei kawenga mā te ariā e kīia nei ko te "whakapono kino" (félicité). He āhuatanga tēnei e tinihanga ai te tangata i a rātou anō mā te kī kāore rātou i te herekore, nō reira kāore e taea te whakapae i a rātou mō ā rātou mahi. Hei tauira, ka whakapae pea te tangata i ngā āhuatanga pāpori, i ētahi atu āhuatanga rānei mō tā rātou kore mahi i runga i ō rātou whakapono matatika.
I whakawhānui ake a Simone de Beauvoir, tētahi atu tohunga whakaaro mō te oranga tonutanga me te mana wahine, i tēnei ariā i roto i tana tātaritanga i ngā whanaungatanga ira tangata. I roto i tana pukapuka, "The Second Sex," i whakamārama a de Beauvoir i te whakaiti a te hapori patriarchal i te herekoretanga o ngā wāhine mā te whakanoho i a rātou ki ngā tūranga kua whakaritea. I tautohe ia me whawhai te tangata takitahi me te hapori e noho ana rātou mō te herekoretanga.
Te Herekoretanga o te Ao me te Ao Hou
I tēnei ao hou, e ahua mutunga kore ana ngā mōhiotanga me ngā kōwhiringa, kei te mau tonu te hiranga o te ariā o te herekoretanga ora. He maha ngā tāngata e pōhēhē ana, e taumaha ana rānei i te maha o ngā mea ka taea i te ao. Kua kite kē koe i te uaua o te whakatau i ngā kōwhiringa nā te maha o ngā kōwhiringa? He raruraru tēnei e tino kitea ana i te herekoretanga ora.
Kua hurihia e te hangarau me te ao whānui te huarahi e taunekeneke ai tātou ki te ao me tātou anō. I tētahi taha, he nui ake ngā whai wāhitanga e tukuna ana e rātou ki te whai i te herekoretanga takitahi. I tētahi atu taha, ka taea e te pēhanga pāpori mai i ngā pāpāho papatipu me ngā pāpāho pāpori te hanga i tētahi momo hou o te whakapono kino, e hiahia ana te tangata ki te whai i ngā tikanga me ngā tumanakohanga kua tukuna ki a rātou.
He mea nui tonu te tirohanga a te hunga whakapono ki te ao tūroa i roto i tēnei horopaki o te herekoretanga takitahi. E whakamahara mai ana tēnei ki a tātou, ko te herekoretanga tūturu ko te herekoretanga ki te whakatau i tō tātou ake aituā, ahakoa he tikanga tēnei kia tū atu ki te manukanuka me te koretake e pā mai ana. E akiaki ana te ao tūroa i a tātou kia ora pono, arā, kia ora i runga i ngā kōwhiringa e mahia ana e tātou mā tātou anō, kaua i ngā mea i whakatakotoria e ētahi atu, e te hapori rānei.
Te Oranga-ā-Iwi me ngā Tikanga Matatika o te Herekoretanga
Ko tētahi whakahē mō te existentialism ko te whakanui rawa i te herekoretanga takitahi ka arahi pea ki te nihilism, ki te relativism matatika rānei . Heoi, i whakanuia e ngā existentialists pērā i a Sartre rāua ko de Beauvoir kāore te herekoretanga pono e pāngia e te herekoretanga o ētahi atu. Nā Sartre i rongonui te whakaaro ko te tangata he "tangata-mō-ētahi atu" (être-pour-autrui), e tohu ana ki te kawenga kei a tātou mō ētahi atu i roto i ā tātou tukanga whakatau.
I tāpiri atu a Simone de Beauvoir me whai whakaaro ngā tikanga matatika o te herekore ki te horopaki pāpori me te horopaki hītori e tū ana te tangata takitahi. Ehara i te mea ko te herekore te tikanga o te tika ki te mahi noa. Engari, me whakaae ki te herekoretanga o ētahi atu. Arā, ko te noho pono ko te whakaae ka pā ā tātou whakatau ki ētahi atu, ā, ka pērā anō hoki.
Whakamutunga
Ko te oranga tonutanga, me tōna arotahi ki te oranga takitahi, e whakarato ana i tētahi anga whai kiko mō te mārama ki te herekoretanga takitahi. Ehara te herekoretanga i te āhua mutunga kore me te kore kawenga, engari ko te kaha ki te whakatau i ngā kōwhiringa whai tikanga i roto i ō tātou ake oranga, me te mōhio ki te kawenga mō aua kōwhiringa. I roto i tētahi ao kī tonu i te koretake me te uaua, ko ngā māramatanga oranga tonutanga ki te herekoretanga takitahi me te kawenga he aratohu nui tonu mō tētahi oranga pono me te whai tikanga.
