Te Ariā o Thomas Hobbes mō te Pakanga me te Rangimārie: Te Matapaki i te Āhua Tangata me te Kirimana Hapori
Ko Thomas Hobbes tētahi o ngā tohunga whakaaro tōrangapū rongonui o te rautau 17. Ko ana whakaaro, i roto i tana mahi nui, ko Leviathan, kua whai wāhi nui ki tō tātou māramatanga ki te pakanga, te rangimārie, me te āhua o te tangata. Ki tā Hobbes titiro, ko te hiahia whaiaro me te āhua whakataetae o te tangata ka hanga he mōrearea tonu mō te pakanga me te pakanga. Heoi anō, i tukuna e ia he otinga mō tēnei raruraru mā roto i tana ariā kirimana pāpori. Ka tirohia e tēnei tuhinga te ariā a Thomas Hobbes mō te pakanga me te rangimārie me te whai pānga o tēnei tirohanga ki te horopaki o nāianei.
Te Āhua Tangata me ngā Āhuatanga Taiao
Ka tīmata a Hobbes i tana tātaritanga mā te whakaatu i te āhua o te tangata i roto i tōna āhua tūturu, arā, i mua i te noho o te hapori, o te kāwanatanga rānei. E ai ki a Hobbes, he mea whakaaro nui te tangata engari he mea hiahia ki a ia anō, e whakatairanga tonu ana i ōna ake painga, e whakataetae ana tetahi ki tetahi mō ngā rauemi iti. Ka arahina tēnei ki te mea e kīia nei e ia he "pakanga o te katoa ki te katoa" (bellum omnium contra omnes).
Ko te āhua o tēnei āhua he tūpono tonu te mōrearea me te wehi o te mate ohorere. I roto i te pukapuka Leviathan, e whakaahua ana a Hobbes i te oranga i roto i te āhua o te taiao he "mokemoke, rawakore, kino, nanakia, me te poto." Ehara tēnei momo oranga i te mea pai rawa atu, ā, he nui te mamae e puta mai ana. Nō reira, e rapu huarahi ana te tangata ki te mawhiti i tēnei āhua.
Te Ture Taiao me te Whakaaroaro
Kātahi ka whakaurua mai e Hobbes te ariā o te "ture taiao" (lex naturalis), arā, ngā mātāpono i kitea mā te whakaaro whaitake, ā, e whakahau ana i ngā mahi me mahi hei tiaki i te ora. Ko te ture taiao tuatahi, e ai ki a Hobbes, me rapu e ia tangata te rangimārie i te mea e whai tumanako ana ia ki te whakatutuki. Ki te kore e taea te whakatutuki i te rangimārie, kei a ia te tika ki te whakamahi i ngā huarahi katoa e tika ana hei tiaki i a ia anō.
Ko te ture tuarua o te taiao e kī ana me whakaae te tangata ki te whakarere i ētahi o ō rātou mana tūturu mēnā ka whakaae ētahi atu ki te mahi i te mea kotahi, ā, mā reira ka hangaia he kirimana pāpori hei whakarite i te haumarutanga tahi. Ko tēnei mātāpono, e kiia nei e Hobbes ko te "kirimana pāpori," te pūtake mō te hanganga o tētahi hapori me te kāwanatanga motuhake.
Te Kirimana Hapori me te Mana Motuhake
I roto i te kirimana pāpori a Hobbes, ka whakaae ngā tāngata takitahi ki te tuku i ētahi o ō rātou mana tūturu ki tētahi hinonga nui ake, kaha ake—ko tā Hobbes e kī nei he "Reviathan"—hei utu mō te tiakitanga me te rangimārie. Ko tēnei Reviathan, he kingi, he rōpū kāwanatanga rānei, kei a ia te mana tino ki te whakahaere me te pupuri i te tikanga.
E ai ki a Hobbes, he whakaritenga nui tēnei mana motuhake kia mau tonu ai te whakahaere i ngā whanonga tangata, kia kore ai hoki e takahia te whakaaetanga tuatahi. Ki te kore he mana motuhake kaha, ka taea te pakaru te kirimana pāpori i ngā wā katoa, ka hoki te tangata ki te āhua tūturu e kī ana i te pakanga me te mōrearea.
Te Hiahia o te Pūmautanga me te Tikanga
He maha ngā wā e whakaarohia ana te tirohanga a Hobbes mō tētahi rangatira kaha he mana whakahaere. Heoi, mai i te tirohanga a Hobbes, ko te pumau me te tikanga he mea nui hei whakatutuki i te rangimārie me te whai rawa. Ki te kore te tikanga e puritia ana e te mana e kore e taea te whakakore, ka hinga te hapori, ka hoki ki te koretake.
Nō reira, ko te ariā a Hobbes mō te kāwanatanga e whakatairanga ana i te haumarutanga me te pumau i runga ake i te herekoretanga takitahi. Ki a Hobbes, ka taea te tuku, te whakawhāiti rānei i ngā tika takitahi e te Rewiatana ki te whānuitanga e tika ana hei pupuri i te tikanga pāpori whānui. Heoi anō, me mahi tonu te kāwanatanga i runga i ngā painga o te iwi me te haumarutanga whānui, nā te mea ki te kore e pērā, ka taea te whakararu i te mana o te mana, ā, ka arahi ki te whakakeke.
Te Hiranga o Nāianei
Ahakoa i whakawhanakehia te ariā a Hobbes tata ki te whā rautau ki muri, he maha tonu ngā āhuatanga o tēnei ariā e whai pānga ana ki ngā mahi tōrangapū o nāianei. Ko ngā ariā o te āhua o te taiao me te kirimana pāpori he mea nui ki te rapunga whakaaro tōrangapū o nāianei, mai i a Locke ki a Rousseau, tae atu ki ngā pūnaha tōrangapū rerekē e whakahaere ana i ngā hapori manapori o nāianei.
Hei tauira, ko te ariā o te kirimana pāpori he mea nui tonu ki ngā mātāpono o te manapori o ēnei rā, arā, ko te mana kāwanatanga e ahu mai ana i te whakaae a te iwi. Ahakoa te āhua whakahē a ngā kāwanatanga o ēnei rā i te mana motuhake i whakatakotoria e Hobbes, ko te mātāpono kia tiakina e te mana kāwanatanga te haumaru me te oranga o ōna tāngata whenua, koinei tonu te kaupapa matua o te kāwanatanga.
He māramatanga nui anō hoki ngā tirohanga a Hobbes ki te mārama ki ngā whanaketanga o te ao. I te taumata o te ao, ka kitea te āhua pōrearea i whakaahuatia e Hobbes i roto i te huarahi e taunekeneke ai ngā whenua tetahi ki tetahi. Ko te korenga o tētahi mana motuhake o te ao ka meinga ngā whenua kia whakatairanga i ō rātou ake painga ā-motu i te tiakitanga ā-rōpū. Ko ngā pakanga ā-pū me te whakataetae ōhanga i waenga i ngā whenua e whakaatu ana i ngā āhuatanga rerekē o te āhua o Hobbes e mau tonu ana i roto i ngā whanaungatanga o te ao.
Te whakahē i a Hobbes
Ahakoa he tokomaha e whakaae ana ki ngā whakaaro matua a Hobbes, he tokomaha kua whakahē i ana tirohanga, inā koa mō te mana motuhake me tana tirohanga pōuri mō te āhua tūturu o te tangata. Hei tauira, i pupuri a John Locke i tētahi tirohanga pai ake mō te āhua o te tangata, ā, i tautohe ia kaua ngā tika tūturu pēnei i te ora, te herekore, me te taonga e takahia e te kāwanatanga.
I tautohe a Locke ko te mana kāwanatanga i ahu mai i te whakaaetanga me te kirimana pāpori, engari he rerekē ki a Hobbes, i tautoko ia i te ariā o te wehenga o ngā mana me te tika o ngā tāngata whenua ki te whakakeke ki ngā kāwanatanga nanakia. He tata ake te tirohanga a Locke ki ngā mahi manapori o ēnei rā, e whai ana kia taurite te mana o te kāwanatanga me te herekoretanga takitahi.
Whakamutunga
I whakaratohia e Thomas Hobbes tētahi tātaritanga hōhonu mō te āhua o te tangata, te pakanga, me te rangimārie, me ngā huarahi e taea ai e te hapori tangata te whakarite i a ia anō kia kore ai e pāngia e ngā pakanga whakangaro. I a ia e whakaaro ana ki tētahi kirimana pāpori me tētahi rangatira kaha, ka tukuna e Hobbes ngā otinga tino nui ki ngā raruraru e pā ana ki tōna wā.
Ahakoa he tautohenga ētahi o ngā āhuatanga o tēnei ariā, ā, kua whakahēngia e ōna uri, kei te whai tikanga tonu te ariā a Hobbes mō te pakanga me te rangimārie, ā, he tūāpapa nui tēnei mō te whanaketanga o te rapunga whakaaro tōrangapū. Kei te ārahi tonu ngā tirohanga a Hobbes mō te hiranga o te pumau me te tikanga i ngā kōrero o nāianei mō te whakaritenga o ngā hapori hei pupuri i te haumarutanga me te rangimārie.
