Te Ture o ngā Utu Taurite: Te Mātāpono Taketake o te Ōhanga e Hoahoa ana i ngā Mākete
Pendahuluan
Ko te utu taurite he ariā taketake i roto i te ōhanga e mahi ana hei tūāpapa mō te mārama ki ngā whanaketanga o te mākete. Ko tēnei ariā te pūtake o te whakatau i te utu o tētahi taonga, ratonga rānei i roto i te mākete kore utu, he mākete e whakatauhia ana ngā utu e te taunekeneke o te tuku me te tono me te kore he wawaotanga nui a te kāwanatanga. E pā ana te ture o ngā utu taurite ki te mākete taonga anake, engari ki ngā mākete hoki mō ngā āhuatanga whakaputa pēnei i te mahi me te whakapaipai. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga te whakamāramatanga, ngā tikanga, me te hiranga o te ture o ngā utu taurite i roto i te hanganga ōhanga.
Te Mārama ki te Utu Taurite
Ko te utu taurite ko te utu e ōrite ana te nui o ngā taonga, ngā ratonga rānei e tukuna ana e ngā kaihanga ki te nui o ngā taonga, ngā ratonga rānei e hiahiatia ana e ngā kaihoko. I tēnei wā, kei roto te mākete i te taurite; kāore he hapa, he nui rānei o ngā taonga, ā, ka haere pai ngā tauwhitinga. Ka hangaia tēnei utu i te wāhi e honoa ai ngā pihi tuku me te pihi tono i runga i tētahi kauwhata.
Tikanga Utu Taurite
Hei mārama ki te tikanga utu taurite, ka taea e tātou te wehewehe i te tātaritanga kia rua ngā wāhanga matua: te tuku me te tono.
1. Te Ārai Tono:
E whakaahua ana te pihi tono i te whanaungatanga i waenga i te utu o tētahi taonga me te rahinga e hiahiatia ana e ngā kaihoko. E ai ki te ture o te tono, i te pikinga o te utu o tētahi taonga, ka heke te rahinga e hiahiatia ana, ā, ko te ritenga kē. He pikinga kino te pihi tono, arā, he whanaungatanga whakahurihuri i waenga i te utu me te rahinga e hiahiatia ana.
2. Te Āwhiowhio Tuku:
Ko te pihi tuku, i tētahi atu taha, e whakaatu ana i te whanaungatanga i waenga i te utu o tētahi taonga me te rahinga e tukuna ana e ngā kaihanga. E ai ki te ture o te tuku, i te pikinga o te utu o tētahi taonga, ka piki ake te rahinga e tukuna ana, ā, ko te ritenga kē. Nō reira, he pikinga pai te pihi tuku, e tohu ana i te whanaungatanga tika i waenga i te utu me te rahinga e tukuna ana.
Te Taunekeneke i waenganui i te Tuku me te Tono
Ina tātaitia ngā pihi tuku me te pihi tono, ko te pūwāhi e tūtaki ai rāua ka kiia ko te pūwāhi taurite. I tēnei wā, ko te rahinga e tukuna ana he ōrite ki te rahinga e tonoa ana, ā, ko te utu e puta mai ana ko te utu taurite. Mena he teitei ake te utu mākete i te utu taurite, ka puta he tāpui, ko te tikanga he nui ake te tuku i te tono. I tetahi atu taha, ki te iti iho te utu i te utu taurite, ka puta he korenga nā te mea he nui ake te tono i te tuku.
Ngā Āhuatanga me te Taurite o te Mākete
Kāore ngā mākete e noho taurite tonu. He maha ngā āhuatanga ka puta ai ngā panoni i roto i ngā ānau tuku, tono rānei, ā, ka pā tēnei ki te utu me te rahinga taurite.
1. Ngā Āhuatanga e Pā Ana ki te Ārai Tono:
– Whiwhinga Moni a te Kaihoko: Ina piki ake te whiwhinga moni a te kaihoko, ka piki ake hoki tō rātou mana hoko, ā, ko te tikanga ka nekehia te pihi tono ki te matau.
– Ngā Manakohanga me ngā Reka: Ka taea hoki e ngā panonitanga o ngā manakohanga me ngā reka o te kaihoko te neke i te pihi tono. Hei tauira, ki te rongonui haere tētahi hua, ka piki ake te tono mōna.
– Ngā Utu o ngā Taonga Whakakapi me ngā Taonga Tāpiri: He pānga nui anō hoki ō ngā utu o ngā taonga e whakakapi ana (whakakapi) ana rānei (whakakīkī) ana i te taonga tuatahi. Mēnā ka heke te utu o tētahi taonga whakakapi, ka heke pea te hiahia mō te taonga tuatahi, ā, ka heke anō hoki.
2. Ngā Āhuatanga e Pā Ana ki te Ārai Tuku:
– Ngā Utu Whakaputa: Mā te hekenga o ngā utu whakaputa, hei tauira mā te pikinga ake o te whai huatanga, te hekenga rānei o ngā utu o ngā rauemi mata, ka taea te neke i te pihi tuku ki te taha matau.
– Hangarau: Mā ngā auahatanga hangarau e whakanui ake ai i te hua ka neke te pihi tuku ki te matau.
– Kaupapahere a te Kāwanatanga: Ka pā pea ngā tahua āwhina, ngā taake, me ētahi atu ture ki ngā utu whakaputa, ā, nō reira, ka nekehia te pihi tuku.
I roto i te ao mākete, ka puta tonu ēnei nekehanga hihiri, ā, ka rerekē anō hoki te utu taurite.
Te Hiranga o te Utu Taurite
He mea nui te mahi a ngā utu taurite i roto i te ōhanga mō ētahi take:
1. Te Whai Hua o te Tohatoha Rauemi:
I te utu taurite, ka tohatohahia ngā rauemi me te whai hua nā te mea ko ngā taonga e whakaputaina ana ko ērā e hiahiatia ana e ngā kaihoko. Ka hokohoko ngā kaihanga me ngā kaihoko i te utu e whakanui ana i te tapeke moni tāpiri (te tapeke o te moni tāpiri a te kaihoko me te moni tāpiri a te kaihanga).
2. Te Mahi Tahi i waenganui i ngā Kaihanga me ngā Kaihoko:
Mā ngā utu taurite ka taea te mahi tahi i waenga i ngā kaihanga me ngā kaihoko. Ka whiwhi ngā kaihanga i ngā whakatenatena e tika ana hei whakaputa taonga, ratonga rānei, engari ka whiwhi ngā kaihoko i ngā taonga e hiahiatia ana e rātou i te utu tika.
3. Te Pūmautanga o te Mākete:
Ka neke ngā mākete ki te āhua taurite. Ina rerekē te tuku, te tono rānei, ka panaia ngā utu e ngā tikanga mākete ki te taurite, ka waihanga i te pumau mō te wā roa.
4. Ngā Aratohu Kaupapahere a te Kāwanatanga:
He aratohu anō hoki ngā utu taurite mō ngā kaihanga kaupapa here a te kāwanatanga ki te whakahaere i ngā mākete. Ka whai hua ake ngā wawaotanga e aro ana ki te whakaū i ngā utu, pērā i ngā kaupapa here utu iti rawa, utu mōrahi rānei, mēnā he māramatanga pai ki ngā utu taurite.
Ngā Tauira me ngā Wero o te Taupānga
Kei roto i te mākete mahi tētahi tauira o te whakamahinga o te ture o ngā utu taurite. I konei, ka whakatauhia te utu taurite e te taunekeneke i waenga i te tono mō ngā mahi mai i ngā umanga me te tuku mahi mai i ngā tāngata takitahi. Ina piki ake te tono mahi, hei tauira, nā te tipu ōhanga, ka piki ake ngā utu. I tetahi atu taha, ki te nui te pikinga o te tuku mahi, nā te pikinga pea o te taupori pakeke mahi, ka taea te heke o ngā utu mena kāore te tono e piki ake i te rārangi.
Heoi anō, he maha ngā wero kei te whakamahi i te ture o ngā utu taurite, inā koa i roto i te horopaki matatini o te ao hou. Ko ētahi o ēnei:
1. Te Hurihanga o te Mākete:
Ka taea e ngā kaupapa here kāore i te tika te hanga i ngā whakapōrearea i roto i ngā mākete, ka aukati i ngā tikanga taiao e ārahi ana i ngā mākete ki te taurite. Ko te nui rawa o ngā tautoko, te tiaki rānei i ētahi ahumahi he tauira o aua whakapōrearea.
2. Te Monopoly me te Oligopoly:
I ngā āhuatanga mākete kāore i tino tika pērā i te monopoly, te oligopoly rānei, kei te kotahi kamupene, kei tētahi rōpū iti rānei o ngā kamupene te mana ki te whakatakoto utu, engari ka rerekē pea ēnei i te utu taurite e puta ana i raro i te whakataetae tino tika.
3. Ngā Mōhiohio Tauritekore:
Nā te kore taurite o ngā mōhiohio i waenga i ngā kaihanga me ngā kaihoko, ka kore e taea e te mākete te whakatutuki i tētahi utu taurite tika, whai hua hoki.
Whakamutunga
He ariā nui te utu taurite i te ngākau o te ariā ōhanga mākete kore utu. Koinei te utu e tūtaki ai te tuku me te tono, e hanga ana i ngā āhuatanga tino pai mō ngā tauwhitinga me te whakamahinga rauemi. Ahakoa he wero tonu te pupuri me te mārama ki ngā āhuatanga uaua kei muri i ngā utu taurite, he pou nui tonu tēnei mātāpono mō te tātari ōhanga me te kaupapa here a te iwi. Mā te mārama pai ki te ture o ngā utu taurite, ka taea e ngā kaihoko, ngā kaihanga, me ngā kaihanga kaupapa here te whakatau i ngā whakataunga whai whakaaro me te whai hua i roto i te horopaki ōhanga e huri haere tonu ana.
