Ngā Tikanga Whakaahua-ira i roto i te Tuhituhinga Whaipara Tangata
Ko te tuhi tuhinga tētahi o ngā wāhanga tino nui o te rangahau whaipara tangata. He ahurei ia kitenga—mai i ngā taonga iti me ngā āhuatanga papa whenua ki ngā whare tawhito—ā, he maha ngā wā kāore e taea te whakahoki anō i muri i te keri. Nō reira, me whai tikanga tuhi tika, taipitopito, me te whai kawenga ngā tohunga whaipara tangata. I ngā tekau tau tata nei, kua puta ake te whakaahua-ira hei tikanga matua mō te tuhi i ngā wāhi me ngā taonga whaipara tangata. Mā te whakamahi i ngā whakaahua i tangohia mai i ngā koki rerekē, ka taea e te whakaahua-ira te whakaputa i ngā tauira toru-ahu (3D) tika, me ngā kakano tirohanga. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga ngā ariā taketake , ngā wāhanga mahi, ngā painga, me ngā wero o te whakaahua-ira i roto i ngā tuhinga whaipara tangata.
Te Mārama ki te Whakaahua-ira me tana Mahi
Ko te ine whakaahua te tikanga ine me te whakatauira i ngā mea i runga i ngā whakaahua. Ko tōna kaupapa matua ko te hanga anō i ngā āhua 3D mai i tētahi raupapa o ngā whakaahua 2D e taupatupatu ana. Ka rapu te pūmanawa i ngā pūwāhi noa i roto i ngā whakaahua maha (te whakataurite āhuatanga), kātahi ka tatau i ngā tūranga kāmera me te āhuahanga mea mā te whakamahi i te tapatoru. Ko ngā hua ka puta ko ngā kapua pūwāhi matotoru (he kohinga o ngā pūwāhi matotoru), ngā mata (ngā mata tapatoru), me ngā mahere kakano (ngā paparanga kakano).
I roto i te horopaki whaipara tangata, he huarahi kore-whakangaro te ine whakaahua, ā, ka taea te whakamahi i te parae (ngā wāhi tuwhera, ngā hanganga, ngā keri) me te taiwhanga (ngā taonga tuku iho, ngā wheua, ngā uku, ngā tuhituhinga). Mā te whakakotahitanga o ngā raraunga tirohanga me ngā raraunga āhuahanga ka tino whai hua mō te tātari me te whakaputa.
He aha te hiranga o te Photogrammetry i roto i te Archaeology?
Kua rongonui te ine whakaahua nā te mea ka taea te whakatutuki i ngā hiahia o te tuhinga whaipara tangata, e hiahia ana kia tika, kia whai hua hoki. He mea nui tonu ngā tikanga tuhi tuku iho pērā i ngā tuhi ā-ringa, ngā ine ā-ringa, me ngā whakaahua noa, engari he iti noa iho: he roa te wā, he uaua ki te hopu i ngā āhua uaua, ā, he maha ngā wā kāore e ranea mō te tātari taipitopito i te wāhi.
Mā te whakaahua-ira, ka taea e ngā tohunga whaipara tangata te:
1. Tuhia wawetia te āhua o te papa i mua i te keria hōhonu ake o ngā paparanga.
2. Ka whakaputa i tētahi tauira 3D ka taea te whakawhanui, kia taea ai te tatau anō i ngā tawhiti, ngā horahanga me ngā rōrahi i ngā wā katoa.
3. Waihangahia he pūranga matihiko tūturu, he mea whai hua mō te tiaki taiao me te rangahau anō.
4. Whakanuia ake te māramatanga o te pūtaiao, nā te mea ka taea te tiritiri i ngā raraunga hei manatoko.
Ngā Wāhanga o te Whakamahinga Whakaahua i te Marae
Ko te ine whakaahua i ngā wāhi whaipara tangata e whai ake nei i te nuinga o te wā.
1. Te Whakamahere me te Whakarite
I mua i te pupuhi, me whakatau te tīma i ngā whāinga: mēnā e hiahia ana rātou ki te tuhi i te rohe keri, i ngā āhuatanga motuhake (hei tauira, ngā papa, ngā pakitara, ngā urupā), i te whenua rānei o te papa. Kei roto i te whakamahere ko te whakatau i te tauine, te taumira e hiahiatia ana, me ngā āhuatanga rama.
He mea nui anō hoki te whakarite i ngā pūwāhi whakahaere, pērā i ngā Pūwāhi Whakahaere Whenua (GCP) me ngā tauine ine. Mā ngā GCP i inehia mā te GPS rerekē, mā te teihana katoa rānei, ka whakapai ake i te tika o te tohutoro whenua o te tauira 3D.
2. Te Hopu Whakaahua (Te Kohi Raraunga)
Ko te kounga o te tauira e tino whakawhirinaki ana ki te kounga o te whakaahua. Ko ētahi o ngā mātāpono matua o te ine whakaahua ko:
– He nui te taupatupatu: tata ki te 70–80% i waenga i ngā whakaahua.
– Ngā koki whakaahua rerekē: ngā whakaahua mai i runga, mai i te taha hoki kia mau ai ngā taipitopito o te āhua.
– Kia rite tonu te arotahi me te whakaaturanga: karohia ngā whakaahua pōuriuri, ngā whakaahua tino pōuri/kanapa rānei.
– Mā te mārama pumau: ka uaua te hanga anō i ngā atarangi koi; he pai ake te tango whakaahua i te mārama ōrite.
I te parae, ka taea te pupuri i ngā kāmera ki te ringaringa, te whakairi ki runga i te tūru, te whakamahi rānei me ngā waka rererangi mō ngā wāhi whānui. Mō ngā tuhinga keri mata, he mea tino noa te whakaahua nadir (poutū mai i runga).
3. Te Tukatuka i roto i te Pūmanawa
Kia kohia ngā whakaahua, ka tukatukahia ngā raraunga mā te whakamahi i ngā pūmanawa ine whakaahua (hei tauira, Agisoft Metashape, RealityCapture, ngā pūmanawa tuwhera-pūtake rānei pērā i a Meshroom). Ko ngā mahi tukatuka ko:
– Whakahāngai Whakaahua: ka whakatau i te tūnga o te kāmera, ka waihanga i tētahi kapua pūwāhi marara.
– Hangaia he Kapua Kikī: ka hangaia he kohinga o ngā pūwāhi kikī.
– Hanga Matapihi: hanga i te mata o te tauira.
– Hanga Kakano: ka tāpirihia he kakano whakaahua ki te mata.
– Tauine/Tohutorowhenua: tāuruhia te tauine, ngā taunga rānei o te GCP kia ōrite ai te tauira ki te rahi tūturu.
Ka taea te kaweake i ngā hua whakamutunga ki ngā momo hōputu (OBJ, FBX, LAS/PLY, GeoTIFF orthomosaic) hei tātaritanga atu.
4. Ngā Hua Tuhinga: Ngā Whakaahua Tuturu, Ngā Tauira 3D, me ngā Mahere
He tino whai hua ngā putanga o te ine whakaahua, tae atu ki:
– Whakaahua ā-ringa/whakaahua ā-ringa: he whakaahua tirohanga o runga kua whakatikatikaina mō te hē o te tirohanga, ā, ka taea te whakamahi hei mapi.
– Ngā tauira 3D kakano: he pai mō te tirohanga me te tātari āhua.
– Tauira Whakateitei Mamati (DEM): he tauira whakateitei e āwhina ana i ngā rangahau moroiti-topographic i runga i tētahi papa.
Ka taea te whakauru i tēnei hua ki te GIS mō te tātari ā-wāhi, hei tauira, te mahere i te tohatoha o ngā kitenga, te mārama rānei ki ngā whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā āhuatanga.
Te Whakaahua-ira mō ngā Taonga Tawhito me ngā Kitenga Iti
Haunga ngā wāhi, he tino whai hua te ine whakaahua mō ngā taonga iti pēnei i te uku, ngā taputapu kōhatu, ngā whakapakoko, ngā tuhituhinga rānei. Ko te tikanga ka tangohia ngā whakaahua i roto i tētahi taiao whakahaeretia me te papamuri koretake, te rama marara, me tētahi tēpu hurihuri hei whakarite kia ōrite ngā koki.
Ko tōna painga matua ko te kaha ki te hopu i ngā taipitopito iti, pērā i ngā tohu o te kakahu, ngā whakapaipai, ngā pakaru rānei. Ka taea hoki te whakamahi i ngā tauira 3D o ngā taonga tuku iho hei:
– Te hanga anō mamati o ngā kongakonga,
– Te hanga tārua mā te tānga 3D,
– Ngā whakaaturanga mariko i ngā whare taonga.
Ngā Painga o te Whakaahua-ira ki te Whakatairite ki Ētahi Atu Tikanga
He maha ngā wā ka whakaritea te ine whakaahua ki te matawai taiaho (LiDAR/ matawai taiaho whenua ). Ka taea e rāua te whakaputa tauira 3D, engari he maha ngā painga o te ine whakaahua:
– He iti iho ngā utu, nā te mea he kāmera me he pūmanawa anake e hiahiatia ana.
– He pono ake te āhua o te tirohanga, nā te mea he whakaahua kei roto.
– Ngāwari mō ngā tauine rerekē, mai i ngā taonga tuku iho ki ngā whenua me ngā waka rererangi.
Heoi, he tino pai te matawai taiaho i ngā āhuatanga mārama iti, ā, ka pumau ake i runga i ngā mata kāore i te tino kakano. I roto i te mahi, he maha ngā kaupapa whaipara tangata e whakakotahi ana i ngā mea e rua.
Ngā Wero me ngā Here
Ahakoa he tino whai hua, he wero anō kei te matapaetia mō te ine whakaahua:
1. He uaua te hanga anō i ngā mata ōrite, ngā mata whakaata rānei (hei tauira, te kōhatu oro, te konganuku kanapa) nā te kore o ngā ira āhuatanga.
2. Ka taea e ngā otaota me ngā mea e neke ana (ngā tāngata e hāere ana, e pupuhi ana i ngā rau) te whakauru i te haruru ki roto i te tauira.
3. Te kaha rorohiko: me whai rorohiko me te RAM me te GPU e tika ana hei tukatuka i ngā whakaahua taumira teitei.
4. Te whakahaere raraunga: ka nui rawa ngā kōnae whakaahua me ngā hua tukatuka, ā, me whai pūnaha rokiroki me ngā raraunga raraunga pai.
5. Ko te tika e whakawhirinaki ana ki te whakahaere tauine: ki te kore he GCP, he ine tauine rānei, ka taea e te tauira 3D te "pai" ki te tirohanga engari kāore e tika mō ngā inenga pūtaiao.
Nō reira, e tino taunakihia ana kia whakamahia ngā paerewa whakahaere o te parae, te tuhi i ngā tawhā kāmera, me ngā tikanga ine whakahaere.
Ngā Pānga ki te Tiaki me te Whakapuakitanga ki te Iwi
Ehara i te mea ko ngā kairangahau anake te hunga whai hua mō te ine whakaahua engari ko ngā kaitiaki taonga me te marea hoki. Mā ngā tauira 3D ka taea te aroturuki i ngā kino i roto i te wā, hei tauira, i ngā whakairo o ngā temepara kua pakaru. Hei tāpiri, ka taea te whakamahi i ngā hua o te ine whakaahua mō ngā kaupapa mātauranga, ngā haerenga mariko ki ngā papaanga , me ngā rauemi whakaaturanga taunekeneke. Nō reira, ka āwhina te ine whakaahua ki te hono i te rangahau mātauranga ki ngā hiahia o te tiaki me te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero ki te marea.
Whakamutunga
Kua noho ngā tikanga ine whakaahua hei taputapu nui i roto i ngā tuhinga whaipara tangata o ēnei rā. Mā te kaha ki te whakaputa tauira 3D tika e whai kiko ana ki ngā taipitopito tirohanga, ka whakarei ake te ine whakaahua i te tuhi, te tātari, me te tiaki i ngā raraunga whaipara tangata. Ahakoa he herenga ōna—pērā i te hiahia kia nui te taupatupatu, te whakahaere i te tauine, me te tukatuka raraunga uaua—ka taea te wikitoria i ēnei wero mā te whakamahere tupato me ngā tikanga paerewa. I waenganui i te tipu haere o te hiahia mō te tiaki me te urunga atu ki te mātauranga, ka tukuna e te ine whakaahua he huarahi hou ki ngā kaimātai whaipara tangata ki te tuhi i ngā mea o mua me te tika ake, te mārama, me te taonga tuku iho o ngā pūranga matihiko mō te wā roa.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea e au te whakarerekē i tēnei tuhinga kia nui ake te mātauranga (me ngā tohutoro me te rārangi pukapuka), ka taea rānei te huri i tōna arotahi ki te ine whakaahua-ā-rangi, te tuhinga keri stratigraphic, te ine whakaahua- ā-taonga whare taonga rānei.
