Te Whaipara Tangata me tōna Hononga ki te Pūtaiao Kararehe
E māramahia ana te whaipara tangata hei ako i ngā kōrero o mua o te tangata mā roto i ngā taonga i mahue iho—mai i ngā taputapu kōhatu me ngā uku ki ngā whare, tae atu ki ngā toenga o ngā nohoanga. Heoi, ehara i te mea ko te pikitia o mua i hangaia mai i ngā taonga hanga-tangata anake. I te nuinga o ngā wāhi, ko ngā raraunga tino whai kiko mō te noho o te tangata i ahu mai i ngā toenga o ētahi atu mea ora, inā koa ko ngā kararehe. Koinei te wāhi e tata ai te whaipara tangata ki te pūtaiao kararehe, he mara ako e tirotiro ana i ngā kararehe (fauna) me tā rātou mahi i roto i te taiao, tae atu ki te āhua o tā rātou taunekeneke ki te tangata. I roto i te horopaki o te whaipara tangata, kua whanake tēnei rangahau hei peka nui e kiia nei ko te zooarchaeology, archeozoology rānei.
Te Mārama ki te Pūtaiao Kararehe i roto i te Horopaki Whaipara Tangata
Ko te pūtaiao kararehe te nuinga o te wā e kapi ana i te ako i te kanorau o ngā kararehe, te tohatoha, te hanganga tinana, te whanonga, me ngā whanaungatanga taiao i waenga i ngā momo. Ina whakamahia ki te horopaki o ngā wāhi keri whenua, ka āwhina te pūtaiao kararehe ki te whakautu i ngā pātai: He aha ngā kararehe i noho ki te taha o ngā tāngata onamata? He aha ngā kararehe i kainga e rātou? I whaia, i ahuwhenuatia, i kohia rānei? He uara tohu, he uara karakia rānei ō ngā kararehe?
Ka whakamahia e te Zooarchaeology ngā mea i kitea pērā i te wheua, te niho, te haona, te angaanga, te unahi ika, tae atu ki ngā tohu iti, pērā i ngā kongakonga iti i mahue i roto i te paru. Ka tātarihia ēnei hei hanga anō i ngā mahi a te tangata, ngā āhuatanga taiao, me ngā huringa pāpori-ōhanga i roto i te wā.
Ngā Momo Raraunga Kararehe i Kitea i ngā Pae Tūpuna
I te mara, ka puta mai ngā raraunga kararehe i roto i ngā āhua rerekē. Ko ngā mea tino kitea ko ngā wheua kararehe e kitea ana i roto i ngā ururua paru, i ngā wāhi patu kararehe, i ngā papa nohoanga rānei. Haunga ngā wheua, ka kitea hoki e ngā tohunga whaipara tangata:
1. Ngā angaanga kōkopu (koko, ngata) e tohu ana i ngā mahi kohi rauemi i te takutai moana, i te awa rānei.
2. Ko ngā toenga ika pērā i ngā wheua pai, ngā otolith, ngā tuaiwi rānei, e tohu ana i ngā rautaki hī ika.
3. Ngā wheua iti o ngā manu, o ngā kiore rānei, e tohu ana pea i te kainga, i te whakatipu rānei, i te noho mai rānei o ngā kararehe mohoao i te taiao.
4. Ngā taonga tuku iho i hangaia mai i ngā kararehe, hei tauira, ngā taputapu i hangaia mai i te wheua, ngā ngira, ngā mata pere, ngā whakapaipai i hangaia mai i ngā niho, ngā poroporo rānei i hangaia mai i ngā angaanga.
5. Ngā tohu taphonomic, arā, ngā tohu tapahi, ngā tohu wera, ngā kapiti nā te pakaru o te hinu wheua, ngā ngau rānei a te kaipahua, he mea nui ēnei hei mārama ki te tukanga hanganga wheua.
Kāore ngā raraunga kararehe i te "ma" i ngā wā katoa; he maha ngā wā ka pakaru i ngā tukanga taiao me ngā mahi a te tangata. Nō reira, me whakakotahi ngā tikanga tautuhi me te whakamaori i te mātauranga o te koiora, te rauropi, me te huarere.
He aha ngā mea ka whakakitea e te tātaritanga kararehe?
He mea nui te hononga i waenga i te whaipara tangata me te pūtaiao kararehe nā te mea ka taea e ngā toenga kararehe te whakaatu i ngā āhuatanga maha o te ao o mua kāore e kitea i ngā wā katoa mai i ngā taonga tuku iho. Tērā pea ētahi kaupapa nui ka taea te hanga anō:
1. Ngā Tauira Kai me te Oranga
Mā te tautuhi i ngā momo i kainga, ngā wāhanga tinana i whiriwhiria, me te āhua o te whakarite, ka taea e ngā kairangahau te mārama ki te kai a te hapori. Hei tauira, ko te nui o ngā wheua tia, poaka mohoao rānei e tohu ana i te kaha o te hopu manu i roto i te ngahere, ko te nui o ngā wheua koati, kau rānei e tohu ana i te mahi ahuwhenua kararehe. Ko ngā rerekētanga o te tau o ngā kararehe i patua ka whakarato hoki i ngā tohu ki ngā rautaki ōhanga: mēnā i whāngaihia ngā kararehe mō te mīti, te miraka, te mahi, te whakakotahitanga rānei o ēnei.
2. Ngā Rautaki mō te Whakangau, te Hopu, me te Whakahaere i ngā Kararehe
Mā te tātaritanga kararehe ka kitea te hangarau me ngā rautaki e whakamahia ana: ngā momo kararehe i hopukina, te wā hī ika (hei tauira, i runga i te tipu o ngā niho, i ngā huringa whakaputa uri rānei), me te wāhi o te mahi. Ko te nui o ngā ika ririki he tohu pea i te whakamahinga o ngā kupenga, ko te mana o ētahi ika nunui he tohu pea i te whakamahinga o ngā matiti hī ika, o ngā tao rānei.
3. Te Whakawhanaungatanga me te Huringa Hapori
Ko tētahi o ngā takoha nui a te pūtaiao kararehe ki te whaipara tangata ko te mārama ki te whakawhanaungatanga. Ko ngā panonitanga o te rahi o te wheua, ngā rerekētanga o te āhua, me ngā tauira patu kararehe ka tohu i te whakawhiti mai i ngā kararehe mohoao ki ngā kararehe kau. Ehara i te mea he tukanga koiora anake te whakawhanaungatanga, engari he panonitanga pāpori anō hoki: te putanga mai o te mana whenua, te wehenga o te mahi, te hokohoko, me te tūponotanga o te wehewehenga o te hapori.
4. Te Whakahoutanga Taiao me te Āhuarangi
He tohu kaha te kararehe mohoao ki te taiao. Ka noho ētahi momo kararehe ki ngā wāhi noho motuhake anake—ngā ngahere matotoru, ngā whenua tarutaru, ngā repo, ngā takutai moana, ngā maunga rānei. Mēnā he rerekētanga te hanganga o ngā kararehe o te ngahere ki ngā whenua tarutaru tuwhera i roto i tētahi paparanga whenua, tera pea he tohu i ngā huringa o ngā tipu me te āhuarangi, i ngā huringa rānei o ngā tauira whakamahinga kararehe. te tangata nā te hekenga me te pēhanga o te taupori.
5. Ngā Tohu, Ngā Tikanga, me Tuakiri Ahurea
Ehara i te mea he puna pūmua anake ngā kararehe. He maha ngā hapori e hono ana i te tikanga tohu ki ētahi kararehe—hei tauira, hei totem, hei kararehe patunga tapu, hei tohu mana rānei. Ko te kitenga i ngā angaanga kararehe i roto i ngā tanumanga motuhake, i ngā wheua kararehe rānei i roto i ngā horopaki tanumanga tangata, ka whakamāramatia he tohu mō te mahi kawa. Ka taea hoki e ngā whakapaipai i hangaia mai i ētahi niho kararehe te whakaata i te tuakiri, te mana, me ngā whatunga whakawhitiwhiti.
Ngā Tikanga Zooarchaeological: Mai i te Tāutu ki te Whakamārama
Hei hono i ngā toenga kararehe ki ngā whanonga tangata, ka whakamahia e te zooarchaeology ētahi wāhanga tātari:
– Te tautuhi momo mā te whakataurite i te hanganga wheua ki ngā kohinga tohutoro (kohinga whakatairite).
– Ngā tātaitanga tauanga, hei tauira, te NISP (te maha o ngā kongakonga kua tautuhia) me te MNI (te iti rawa o ngā takitahi), hei pānui i te mana o ngā momo.
– Te tātari i te tau me te ira tangata, i runga i ngā niho, te tipu o te wheua, me te rerekētanga o te āhua.
– Te tātaritanga taphonomic, e aromatawai ana i ngā tohu o te tapahi, te tahunga, te pakarukaru, te ngau rānei. He mea nui tēnei hei wehewehe mēnā nō te kai a te tangata ngā wheua, nō te mahi kaipahua/taiao rānei.
– Te tātaritanga isotope pumau o ngā wheua, o ngā niho rānei hei whakatau i ngā kai a ngā kararehe (me ngā hekenga i ētahi wā), ā, mā tēnei ka āwhina i te aromatawai i ngā pūnaha whāngai kararehe, i ngā huringa nohonga rānei.
– Te tātaritanga DNA tawhito (aDNA) hei tautuhi i ngā momo e uaua ana ki te wehewehe i te āhua, me te whai i ngā whakapapa whakawhanaunga me ngā nekehanga taupori.
E whakaatu ana ēnei tikanga kāore te whaipara tangata o ēnei rā e whakawhirinaki anake ki te mātakitaki ā-kanohi, engari kua piki haere te maha o ngā kaupapa me te pūtaiao.
Ngā Wero i roto i ngā Akoranga Whaipara Tangata
Ahakoa he nui ngā mōhiohio, he uaua te whakamārama i ngā raraunga kararehe . Tuatahi, kāore ngā kararehe katoa i te tiakina pai. Ka taea e ngā taiao waikawa, haumākū, wera rawa rānei te whakarewa i ngā wheua, ka whakapē i te hītori kararehe. Tuarua, ka taea te whakaranu i ngā tukanga whakatakoto e ngā mahi a ngā kararehe keri, ngā pakiaka tipu, te whakararuraru rānei a te tangata o ēnei rā. Tuatoru, kei reira anō hoki ngā whakaaro rerekē o te ahurea: tera pea he tapu kai a ngā hapori, he rerekē te urunga atu ki ētahi mīti mai i ngā karaehe pāpori, he tikanga rānei mō te maka para ki ngā wāhi motuhake. Nō reira, me whakamārama te tātari kararehe me ētahi atu raraunga whaipara tangata pēnei i ngā taonga tuku iho, ngā tauira ā-wāhi, ngā toenga tipu (archaeobotany), me ngā mōhiohio matawhenua mō te wāhi.
Te Hiranga mō ngā Akoranga o Nāianei
Ehara i te mea he mea nui noa te hononga i waenga i te whaipara tangata me te pūtaiao kararehe hei mārama ki ngā kai a te tangata i ngā wā o mua, engari he mea nui anō hoki ki ngā take o nāianei. Mā te hanga anō i ngā huringa taiao o mua me te tukinotanga kararehe ka taea te whakarato akoranga mō te oranga tonutanga, ngā ngaronga ā-rohe, me ngā pānga o te huringa āhuarangi. Mā ngā rangahau whakawhanaungatanga ka āwhina i te mārama ki ngā takenga mai o te whakawhirinaki o te tangata ki ngā kararehe me te whanaketanga o ngā pūnaha kai mai i ngā kaiwhaiwhai-kohi ki te ahuwhenua me te pāmu kararehe. Hei tāpiri, mā ngā rangahau o mua mō te hokohoko kararehe me ngā hua kararehe ka taea te whakaatu i ngā whatunga ōhanga me te nekenekehanga o te tangata puta noa i ngā rohe.
Te Katinga
He hononga tata te whaipara tangata me te pūtaiao kararehe nā te mea ko ngā toenga kararehe tētahi o ngā pūranga whai rawa hei pānui mō te oranga o te tangata o mua. Mā te whaipara tangata, ka taea e ngā kongakonga wheua me ngā angaanga te whakaatu i ngā rautaki oranga, te whakawhanaungatanga, te huringa taiao, tae atu ki ngā tohu ahurea . Mā tēnei whanaungatanga maha-mātauranga ka whakapakari te whaipara tangata hei pūtaiao e kore e whakamārama noa i ngā taonga engari ka hanga anō hoki i ngā whanaungatanga uaua i waenga i te tangata, ngā kararehe, me te taiao puta noa i te hītori. Nō reira, ehara te pūtaiao kararehe i te mea he tāpiri noa ki te rangahau whaipara tangata, engari he kī nui ki te mārama ki te tangata i roto i ō rātou pūnaha rauropi—o mua, o nāianei, me te heke mai pea.
