Te Ariā o te Whanaungatanga i roto i te Anthropology
Pendahuluan
He ariā matua te whanaungatanga i roto i te mātauranga tangata, e ako ana i te āhua o te hanganga o ngā hononga toto, marena, me te whāngai i te whakaritenga pāpori. Ko ēnei hononga te pūtake o ngā āhuatanga maha o te oranga pāpori, ahurea, me te ōhanga i roto i ngā hapori huri noa i te ao. Mā te whanaungatanga ka taea e te tangata te mārama ki tō rātou tuakiri i roto i te hapori, te whakatū i ngā tika me ngā herenga pāpori, me te hanga whatunga tautoko me te mahi tahi.
Te Mārama me te Hiranga o te Whānaungatanga
Ko te kupu whanaungatanga e whakamaoritia ana i te reo Initonīhia ko te "whanaungatanga". E pā ana tēnei ariā ki ngā whanaungatanga ka taea te whai i roto i ngā whakapapa toto, pērā i ngā mea i waenganui i ngā mātua me ngā tamariki, i ngā mea rānei i puta mai i te marena, pērā i waenganui i te tāne me te wahine. Ka taea hoki e te whanaungatanga te whakauru i ngā whanaungatanga pāpori i whakaaetia, i whakaaetia hoki e te hapori, pērā i ngā tuākana/teina whāngai.
I roto i te mātauranga tangata, he mea nui te ako i te whanaungatanga hei mārama ki ngā hanganga pāpori me ngā hanganga ahurea o ngā hapori. Mā te whanaungatanga ka whakaratohia he anga mō te taunekeneke, te whakawhitiwhiti rauemi, me te hanganga o te tuakiri ā-rōpū. I roto i te maha o ngā hapori, ko ngā ture whanaungatanga pakari e whakatau ana i ngā āhuatanga o te ao pēnei i te tuku taonga tuku iho, ngā ture marena, ngā kawenga pāpori, me te tohatoha mana.
Ngā momo whanaungatanga
I roto i ngā rangahau mātauranga tangata, he maha ngā momo whanaungatanga e ahu mai ana i te whakapapa, arā:
1. Te whānau matua:
I roto i te pūnaha whakapapa matua, ka whaia te whakapapa mā te raina matua. Ko ngā ingoa whānau, ngā taonga, me te mana pāpori ka tukuna iho i te matua ki te tama. Ko tētahi tauira o te hapori e piri ana ki tēnei pūnaha ko te iwi Maasai o Kenya me Tanzania.
2. Rārangi whānau:
Ko te ritenga kē o te pūnaha whānau tāne, ko te pūnaha whānau tāne, ka whai i te whakapapa o te whaea. Ka riro mai ngā taonga me te mana pāpori i ngā wāhine. Ko ētahi tauira o ngā hapori whai pūnaha nei ko te iwi Minangkabau o Sumatra ki te Hauāuru, Indonesia, me te iwi Hopi o Amerika Te Raki.
3. Taha-rua:
I roto i te pūnaha takirua, ka tatauhia te uri mā roto i ngā kāwai mātua e rua, arā, te pāpā me te whaea. He mea noa tēnei pūnaha i roto i te tini te hapori hou, tae atu ki te nuinga o ngā hapori o te Hauāuru.
4. Ambilineal:
I roto i te pūnaha ambilineal, ka taea e te tangata te whiriwhiri ki te whai i ō rātou whakapapa mā te raina o ō rātou matua tāne, o ō rātou whaea rānei, i runga i ngā āhuatanga motuhake, i ngā whakataunga whānau rānei. Mā tēnei pūnaha ka nui ake te ngāwari ki te whakatau i te tuakiri whānau.
Ngā Kupu i roto i te Whānaungatanga
Ko te ako i te whanaungatanga i roto i te mātauranga tangata he maha ngā kupu e whakamahia ana hei tautuhi me te whakaahua i ngā whanaungatanga. Anei ētahi kupu matua:
– Te uri whakaheke: Ko te ara whakapapa e whakatau ana i te takenga mai o te tangata, ahakoa mā te taha pāpā, te taha mā te taha wahine, te taha takirua, te taha tango-ira rānei.
– Te whakapapa (toto toto): He rōpū tāngata e kī ana he uri nō rātou i tētahi tūpuna kotahi.
– Hapū (klan): He rōpū whakapapa nui ake e whakaaro ana he uri rātou nō te tūpuna kotahi, ahakoa kāore e taea e rātou te whakaatu i tēnā i ngā wā katoa.
– Ngā whanaungatanga ā-whānau: Ngā whanaungatanga e puta mai ana i roto i te marena, pērā i te tāne, te wahine, ngā hungawai, ngā hungawai.
– Ngā whanaunga toto: Ngā whanaungatanga e puta mai ana i roto i ngā whanaungatanga toto, pērā i ngā mātua, ngā tamariki, ngā tuākana/teina.
Te Mahi a te Whanaungatanga i roto i te Hapori
He maha ngā mahi nui a te whanaungatanga i roto i te hapori, tae atu ki:
1. Te Hanga Tuakiri:
Mā te whanaungatanga ka mārama te tangata ki tōna tūranga i roto i te ao hanganga pāpori, e whakarato ana i te tuakiri me te hononga ki te hapori whānui.
2. Ngā Ture mō te Marena:
Mā ngā ture whanaungatanga ka whakatau ko wai ka taea, ko wai kāore e taea te marena, ka karohia te marena i waenga i ngā whanaunga tata, ā, ka whakarite hoki i ngā whanaungatanga pāpori pumau.
3. Te Tuku Iho me te Tohatoha o ngā Rauemi:
Mā te pūnaha whanaungatanga ka whakatau te tukunga iho o ngā taonga me ngā rauemi kē atu. Mā tēnei ka pumau tonu te ōhanga o ngā whānau me ngā rōpū pāpori.
4. Whatunga Tautoko Hapori:
Mā te whanaungatanga ka tautokohia ngā āhuatanga maha o te ao, tae atu ki te āwhina ōhanga, kare ā-roto, me te hauora.
5. Hanganga Tōrangapū me te Mana:
I roto i te nuinga o ngā hapori, ko ngā tūranga rangatira me te mana e ahu mai ana i ngā whanaungatanga. Ko ngā hanganga tōrangapū tuku iho e ahu mai ana i te whakapapa.
Te Huringa me ngā Āhuatanga o te Whānaungatanga
Haunga te huringa pāpori me te ao whānui, kua rerekē anō hoki te ariā o te whanaungatanga. He pānga nui tō te noho tāone, te hekenga tangata, me te huringa ōhanga ki te hanganga me te mahi a te whanaungatanga.
1. Te Whakawhanaungatanga me te Whakahoutanga:
Kei te hurihia te hanganga o ngā whānau whānui hei whānau iti ake nā te neke ki ngā tāone nui. He maha ngā wā ka wetekina ngā hononga whanaungatanga, ahakoa kāore i te tino whakakorea.
2. Te Ao Whānui:
Te awe o te ao whānui ka nui haere te rerekētanga o ngā tauira whanaungatanga. Kei te piki haere te mahi o ngā marena ahurea-ā-iwi me ngā marena o tāwāhi, ka hangaia he hanganga whanaungatanga uaua ake.
3. Ngā Huringa Ōhanga:
I pāngia anō hoki te pūnaha whanaungatanga e te nekehanga mai i te ōhanga ahuwhenua ki te ōhanga ahumahi. Tērā pea kāore i te tino whai tikanga te ariā o te tuku iho whenua me ngā rawa i roto i te horopaki uaua ake o te ōhanga hou.
4. Hangarau Whakawhitiwhiti Kōrero:
Nā ngā whanaketanga o te hangarau whakawhitiwhiti kōrero, pērā i te pāpāho pāpori, kua taea te pupuri i ngā whanaungatanga ahakoa te tawhiti whenua. Mā tēnei hangarau ka taea e te tangata te hono tonu ki ō rātou whānau whānui, ahakoa kei tawhiti rātou.
5. Ngā Huringa o ngā Uara me ngā Paerewa:
Ka pāngia hoki te whanaungatanga e ngā panonitanga o ngā uara me ngā tikanga o te ao hou, tae atu ki te pikinga ake o te whakaae ki ngā whānau rerekē ngā momo whānau pēnei i ngā mātua takakau, ngā tāne takatāpui rānei.
Whakamutunga
Mā te ariā o te whanaungatanga i roto i te mātauranga tangata ka kitea he māramatanga nui ki te āhua o te hanga a ngā whanaungatanga i ngā hanganga pāpori, ahurea, me te ōhanga o ngā hapori. Mā te mārama ki ngā momo whanaungatanga me ā rātou mahi matua, ka taea e tātou te mārama ake ki te uaua o ngā whanaketanga pāpori o nāianei. Ehara i te mea ko te ako i te whanaungatanga anake ka āwhina i a tātou ki te mārama ki ngā hapori tuku iho engari ka whakaratohia hoki he anga mō te tirotiro i ngā huringa pāpori i roto i ngā horopaki hou. I te haere tonu o ngā huringa o te ao, ka haere tonu te whanaketanga o te ariā o te whanaungatanga, e whakaata ana, e whakatutuki ana hoki i ngā hiahia me ngā whanaketanga hou o te oranga pāpori tangata.
