Te Rerekētanga i waenga i te Anthropology Tinana me te Anthropology Ahurea
Ko te mātauranga tangata te ako i te tangata, mai i te tirohanga koiora, ahurea, pāpori, me te hītori. Hei kaupapa matatini, whānui hoki, kua wehea te mātauranga tangata ki ētahi kaupapa iti, e rua o ēnei ko te mātauranga tangata ā-tinana me te mātauranga tangata ā-ahurea. Ahakoa e ako ana rāua i te tangata, he rerekē rawa ā rāua huarahi, arotahi, me ngā tikanga. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga ngā rerekētanga matua i waenga i te mātauranga tangata ā-tinana me te mātauranga tangata ā-ahurea hei whakarato i tētahi māramatanga hohonu ake mō ēnei kaupapa.
Te Ahurea ā-Tino: Te Arotahi me te Huarahi
Ko te antropology ā-tinana, e kiia ana hoki ko te antropology koiora, he peka o te antropology e aro ana ki ngā āhuatanga koiora o te tangata. He hononga tata ki te whanaketanga o te tangata , te ira tangata, me te rerekētanga koiora i waenga i ngā taupori tangata. Anei ētahi o ngā āhuatanga matua o tēnei mara:
1. Te Whanaketanga o te Tangata: E ako ana te mātauranga tangata ā-tinana i te whanaketanga o te tangata mai i ngā tūpuna o ngā pirimia ki ngā Homo sapiens o ēnei rā. Mā te tātari i ngā kōiwi tawhito me ngā taonga tuku iho, ka taea e ngā tohunga mātauranga tangata ā-tinana te tautuhi i ngā huringa o te hanganga ā-tinana kua puta i roto i ngā miriona tau.
2. Paleoanthropology: He peka motuhake o te anthropology ā-tinana e ako ana i ngā kōiwi tawhito o te tangata me ō rātou tūpuna. Ka whakamahia e ngā tohunga paleoanthropology ngā tikanga pēnei i te whakatau i te wā radiometric me te tātari morphological hei mārama ake mō te whanaketanga o te tangata.
3. Ngā Ira Tangata: Te ako i ngā rerekētanga ira i roto i ngā taupori tangata kia mārama ai koe ki te pānga o ngā ira ki te ātete mate, te urutau ki te taiao, me ētahi atu rerekētanga.
4. Te koiora-ā-ira tangata: Te tātari i ngā wheua hei hanga i tētahi pikitia o te oranga o ia rā o ngā hapori o mua, pērā i te kai, te āhua noho, me ngā āhuatanga hauora.
5. Primatology: Te ako i ngā primates ehara i te tangata (hei tauira, ngā chimpanzees, ngā gorilla, me ngā makimaki). Mā tēnei ka āwhina i ngā tohunga tātai tangata ā-tinana ki te mārama ki ngā whanonga, te rauropi, me te whanaketanga o ngā rōpū e pā tata ana ki te tangata.
Ko ngā tikanga i roto i te mātauranga tangata ā-tinana he tikanga tauanga, e whakamahi ana i ngā tikanga taiwhanga me ngā inenga hei kohikohi raraunga. Hei tauira, te ine i ngā angaanga (craniometry) te tātari rānei i te DNA tawhito hei whai i ngā hekenga tangata.
Te Ahurea Tangata : Te Arotahi me te Huarahi
He rerekē ki te mātauranga tangata ā-tinana, ka ako te mātauranga tangata ahurea i ngā āhuatanga kore-koiora o te tangata, arā, te ahurea me te whakaritenga pāpori. Kei roto i ēnei āhuatanga ngā tikanga, ngā uara, ngā kawa, me ngā huarahi e taunekeneke ai te tangata me rātou anō me tō rātou taiao. Anei ētahi o ngā arotahi matua o te mātauranga tangata ahurea :
1. Te Ira Tangata: Ko tētahi o ngā tikanga matua o te mātauranga ahurea ko te mātauranga ahurea, e uru ana ngā kairangahau e noho tika ana i roto i te hapori e akohia ana, e mātakitaki ana, e taunekeneke ana hoki ki a rātou. Ko te whāinga he mārama ki te āhua noho o te hapori mai i roto.
2. Ngā Pūnaha Whakapono me ngā Tikanga: Ka ako ngā tohunga ahurea i ngā momo pūnaha whakapono, mai i ngā whakapono nui ki te animism, me ngā tikanga e pā ana ki ēnei pūnaha whakapono. E whai ana rātou kia mārama ki te āhua o te whakahaere a ēnei whakapono i te oranga o ia rā, me te āhua o te hanga i te tuakiri rōpū.
3. Hanganga Hapori: Te ako i ngā whanaungatanga, te whakarōpūtanga hapori, me ētahi atu whakahaere hapori. Kei roto i tēnei ko te tohatoha o te mana me te mana whakahaere, te whakahaere i ngā pakanga, me te mahi a ngā umanga hapori pēnei i te whānau me te marena.
4. Reo: Ka rangahauhia e te mātauranga reo tangata, e te mātauranga reo tangata rānei, te tūranga o te reo i roto i te ahurea. Me pēhea te whakaata me te awe o te reo i ngā whakaaro ahurea, te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero, me te tuku kōrero?
5. Te Taiao Ahurea: Te ako i te taunekeneke a ngā ahurea tangata ki tō rātou taiao, me pēhea rātou e urutau ai, me pēhea hoki ō rātou whakapono me ā rātou mahi e tautoko ai i te oranga tonutanga i raro i ētahi āhuatanga.
He pai ake te tikanga o te rangahau ahurea, arā, ko te mātakitaki ā-whai wāhi, ko ngā uiuinga hōhonu, me te tātari tuhinga. He maha ngā wā ka whakaahuahia ngā raraunga, ā, ka hangaia hei kōrero hei whakaatu pai i te oranga pāpori me te ahurea.
Ngā Āhuatanga Rite me Ngā Rerekētanga
Ahakoa he rerekētanga nui i waenga i te mātauranga tangata ā-tinana me te mātauranga tangata ahurea, he rite tonu ētahi āhuatanga matua. E ngana ana ngā kaupapa iti e rua ki te mārama ki te tangata i roto i te katoa, me te whakaaro ki ō rātou āhuatanga me te āhua o tā rātou taunekeneke. He maha hoki ngā wā ka mahi tahi rātou i ngā kaupapa rangahau nui ake hei whakarato i tētahi pikitia whānui ake o te hapori tangata.
Heoi, ko te rerekētanga matua i waenganui i ngā mea e rua kei roto i te kaupapa e akohia ana:
1. Kaupapa Ako: Ko te mātauranga ā-tinana e aro ana ki ngā āhuatanga koiora o te tangata, pērā i te hanganga tinana, te ira tangata, me te whanaketanga. I taua wā, ko te mātauranga ā-ahurea e aro ana ki ngā āhuatanga pāpori me te ahurea, pērā i ngā tikanga, ngā whakapono, me ngā hanganga pāpori.
2. Tikanga: Ka whakamahia e te mātauranga ahupūngao ā-tinana ngā tikanga tauanga me ngā tikanga pūtaiao, pērā i ngā inenga taiwhanga me te tātari tatauranga. Ka whakamahia e te mātauranga ahupūngao ahurea ngā tikanga kounga ake , pērā i te mātakitaki whai wāhi me ngā uiuinga.
3. Huarahi: Ko te tikanga o te tātaritanga ā-tinana he pūtaiao ake, he whāinga hoki, ko te tātaritanga ā-ahurea he whakaahua ake, he whāinga takitahi ake. Ehara i te mea he pai ake tētahi i tētahi, engari he rerekē ngā tirohanga e rua, engari he tautoko tonu.
4. Whāinga Whakamutunga: Ko te whāinga matua o te mātauranga ā-tinana ko te mārama ki te whanaketanga me te rerekētanga o te koiora tangata. I taua wā, ko te whāinga o te mātauranga ā-ahurea ko te mārama ki te āhua o te waihanga, te whakawhanake, me te pupuri a te tangata i ō rātou ahurea.
Te Taunekeneke i waenga i te Anthropology Tinana me te Anthropology Ahurea
Ahakoa ō rāua rerekētanga, he maha ngā wā ka mahi tahi ēnei momo kaupapa e rua i runga i te āhua tautoko. Hei tauira, i roto i te rangahau i te urutaunga o te tangata ki ngā taiao tino kino, he mea nui te mōhio ki ngā huringa koiora (mai i te mātauranga ā-tinana) me ngā rautaki ahurea (mai i te mātauranga ā-ahurea). He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia e ngā kairangahau koiora-ā-whenua ngā māramatanga mai i te mātauranga ā-ahurea hei whakamārama i ā rātou raraunga, kia pai ake ai te mārama ki te horopaki pāpori me te ahurea o ngā taupori o mua e akohia ana e rātou.
Whakamutunga
Ahakoa he rerekē te arotahi me te tikanga o te mātauranga tangata ā-tinana me te mātauranga tangata ā-ahurea, he mea nui ēnei e rua mō te mārama ki te tangata i roto i te ao whānui. Ka whakaratohia e te mātauranga tangata ā-tinana he māramatanga ki ngā urutaunga koiora me te whanaketanga o te tangata, ko te mātauranga tangata ā-ahurea ia e whakarato ana i
