Te Ariā o te Anomie me te Alienation i roto i te Hapori Hou
He maha ngā wā e whakanuia ana te hapori hou mō ōna whanaketanga hangarau, tōna tipu ōhanga, me ngā whai wāhitanga mō te nekenekehanga pāpori. Heoi, i raro i ēnei whakatutukitanga, he maha ngā tāngata e pāngia ana e te pōhēhētanga uara, te momotu o ngā whanaungatanga, me te āhua koretake e kore e taea te whakamārama. E rua ngā ariā matarohia i roto i te hapori pāpori e āwhina ana i a tātou ki te mārama ki ēnei tohu ko te anomie me te alienation. E kōrero ana ēnei e rua mō te raruraru o te wheako tangata i roto i te pūnaha pāpori hou, engari i ahu mai i ngā tikanga ariā me ngā whakanui rerekē. Ka tirohia e tēnei tuhinga te tikanga o te anomie me te alienation, ngā āhuatanga e whakaoho ana i a rātou i roto i te ao hou, me te āhua o te putanga mai i roto i te oranga o ia rā.
Te Mārama ki te Anomie: Ina Ngaro te Mana o ngā Noa
Ko te ariā o te anomie e mōhiotia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā mahi a Émile Durkheim, he tohunga hapori Wīwī. Ko te anomie e pā ana ki te āhua o te "koretake o ngā tikanga," te ngoikore rānei o ngā aratohu matatika me ngā aratohu pāpori e whakahaere ana i ngā whanonga takitahi. I roto i te hapori pumau, ko ngā tikanga—hei tauira, ko ngā mea e pā ana ki te mahi, te whānau, te whakapono, te kotahitanga rānei—ka hoatu he aronga ki te tangata: he aha te mea e whakaarohia ana he tika, he aha ngā whāinga e tika ana kia whaia, me pēhea te whakatutuki i aua whāinga. Ina ngoikore, ina tukinga rānei ngā tikanga, ka ngaro pea i te tangata tā rātou aratohu pāpori.
I kite a Durkheim ka puta te anomie, inā koa i ngā wā o te huringa tere: te tipu tere o te ōhanga, ngā raruraru, te noho tāone, te whakarerekētanga rānei o ngā umanga. I roto i ēnei āhuatanga, kāore e ranea ngā ture tawhito, engari kāore anō kia whakatūria ngā ture hou. Nō reira, ka pāngia te tangata e te koretake, te manukanuka, me te kore e makona ki ngā takenga mai kāore i te mōhiotia. I honoa e Durkheim te anomie ki te pikinga o te mōrearea o te whakamomori, i te mea ka noho mokemoke te tangata i te aroaro o te ahotea, kāore he hononga pāpori me ngā uara tahi hei tautoko i a rātou.
I te whanaketanga o te ariā pāpori, i whakawhānui ake a Robert K. Merton i te ariā o te anomie mā te huarahi "ariā taumahatanga". I whakanui a Merton i te taupatupatu i waenga i ngā whāinga ahurea (hei tauira, te angitu rauemi) me ngā huarahi whakahaere hei whakatutuki i aua whāinga (mātauranga, mahi uaua, huarahi mahi tika). Ina pēhia e te hapori te katoa kia "angitu" engari kāore e whakarato i te urunga tika, ka pāngia ētahi tāngata e te taumahatanga, ā, ka whakautu mā roto i ngā urutaunga pēnei i te whai i ngā ture, te auahatanga (tae atu ki ngā tikanga ture kore), te karakia, te wehe atu, te whakakeke rānei. Mai i tēnei, e mārama ana ko te anomie ehara i te "kore ture" noa iho, engari he maha ngā wā he taurite kore hanganga pāpori e meinga ai te tangata kia whakaaro kāore ngā tono e rite ana ki ngā whai wāhitanga.
Te Mārama ki te Wehenga: Te Wehenga i roto i te Ao Whakahaere Pūnaha
He rerekē ki te anomie, e aro nui ana ki ngā tikanga pāpori, he whānui te hononga o te ariā o te whakawehenga ki a Karl Marx. Ko te whakawehenga e pā ana ki tētahi āhuatanga e rongo ai te tangata kua whakawehea ia i a rātou anō, i ngā hua o ā rātou mahi, i te tukanga mahi, me ō rātou hoa tangata. I raro i te pūnaha tāpua, e ai ki a Marx, kāore ngā kaimahi e whakahaere i te whakaputanga. Ka hokona e rātou ā rātou mahi, ko ngā hua ia o ā rātou mahi nō ētahi atu. Nō reira, ehara te mahi i te wāhi hei whakaatu i a rātou anō, engari he mahi e ahua akiakihia ana, e auauhia ana, ā, kāore he tikanga.
E whakahuatia ana e Marx ētahi āhuatanga o te whakawehewehe, ā, e whakarapopototia ana penei:
1. Te wehe atu i te hua o te mahi: he mea "tawhiti" te mea i hangaia, kāore hoki i te mana, ā, ka taea e ia te huri me te pēhi i ngā kaimahi (hei tauira, ngā whāinga whakaputa, ngā pūnaha rānei e tere ake ai te mahi).
2. Te wehe atu i te tukanga mahi: ka whakahaerehia te mahi e te manawataki o ngā mīhini, ngā tikanga, me te tirotiro; ka ngaro te mana motuhake o te tangata takitahi.
3. Te wehe atu i te "momo-oranga" (te āhua tangata): kua whakaitihia te tangata hei mea auaha, hei mea pāpori hoki; kāore te mahi e whakaatu ana i tōna āhua tangata.
4. Te wehe ke i ētahi atu: ko ngā whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā tāngata he whakataetae, he tauhokohoko, he ā-pūtea rānei.
I roto i te ao hou, kāore te noho motuhake i te mea ko ngā kaimahi wheketere anake. He maha ngā kaimahi tari, ngā tohunga auaha, tae atu ki ngā kaimahi matihiko e pāngia ana e ngā tauira rite: he mahi wehewehe, he mahi aromatawai, he mahi nā ngā rā kati, ā, he maha ngā wā ka wehea mai i te pānga pāpori tūturu. I tētahi wā, ka whakaaro pea te tangata "kei te ora rātou ki te mahi" ā, ka ngaro te hononga kare ā-roto ki tā rātou mahi.
Ngā Rerekētanga me te Tūāpapa Kotahi i waenga i te Anomie me te Alienation
Ahakoa e rua ngā whakaahuatanga o te raruraru o ngā wheako o ēnei rā, he rerekē ngā arotahi o te anomie me te alienation:
– E whakanui ana a Anomie i te ngoikore o ngā tikanga me ngā ture pāpori. Ko te raruraru matua ko te pōhēhētanga uara: "Me aha ahau? Ko ēhea paerewa e pā ana?"
– Ko te whakatārewatanga e whakaatu ana i te wehenga i roto i ngā whanaungatanga mahi me ngā hanganga ōhanga. Ko te raruraru matua ko te ngaronga o te tikanga, te mana motuhake, me te hononga: "He aha ahau i mahi ai i tēnei? Mā wai? Ko au tēnei?"
Heoi, he maha ngā wā ka tautokohia e ngā mea e rua tetahi i tetahi. Ina kore e pumau ngā tikanga pāpori (anomie), ka ngāwari ake te noho mokemoke o te tangata (alienation) nā te ngaronga o te aronga me te tautoko a te hapori. I tetahi atu taha, ina kaha ake te tukino me te koretake o ngā pūnaha mahi me te hoko (alienation), ka uaua haere te piri ki ngā tikanga ā-rōpū, nā te mea ka noho te ora hei mea mō te oranga me te whakataetae.
Te Anomie me te Motuhake i roto i ngā Tohu o te Ao Hou
1. Te noho tāone me te ngoikore o ngā hononga hapori
He maha ngā huarahi e tukuna ana e ngā tāone nui, engari he maha anō hoki ngā mea e huna ai te tangata. I roto i tētahi taiao tere, ka pāpaku noa iho ngā whanaungatanga pāpori: ka ngaro te hononga o ngā hoa noho tata, ka pakaru ngā whānau whānui, ā, ka ngoikore ngā hapori tuku iho. He whenua momona tēnei mō te anomie: kāore te tangata e whai tohutohu mai i hanganga pāpori I taua wā anō, ka noho mokemoke te tangata i roto i te mano, engari ka noho mokemoke, ka hono tinana engari ka momotu ngā hononga kare ā-roto.
2. Ahurea o te whakataetae me ngā paerewa angitu ōrite
He maha ngā wā ka whakanuia e te ao hou ngā whakatutukitanga me te hua o ngā taonga: te utu, te tūranga, te whakatutukitanga mātauranga, te rongonui. Ina kaha ake ēnei paerewa, ka taea e te hunga kāore e taea, kāore rānei e hiahia ki te whakatutuki i aua paerewa te whakaaro he koretake, he koretake, ā, ka ngaro te whakaaro ki a rātou anō. E ai ki a Merton, ko te taupatupatu i waenga i ngā whāinga me te urunga atu ka taea te whakaoho i te anomie. E ai ki a Marx, ka taea e te mahi me te oranga te huri hei raupapa whakataetae e whakawehe atu ai i te tangata i a rātou anō.
3. Te mamati, te pāpāho pāpori, me ngā "hapori rūpahu"
E oati ana ngā pāpāho pāpori ki te hononga, engari he maha ngā wā ka hangaia he whakataurite mutunga kore. Ka hangaia e te tangata ngā whakaahua, ka rapu whakamana, ka ine i a rātou anō mā roto i ngā tau. Ka pōuri haere ngā paerewa mō te "oranga pai": kei hea ngā matea tūturu, kei hea ngā tono rauropi? Ka puta te anomie ina hangaia ngā paerewa oranga e ngā ia e tere huri haere ana. Ka puta te mokemoke ina huri ngā whanaungatanga pāpori hei mahi, ā, ka whakawhirinaki te whakaaro o te tangata ki a ia anō ki te urupare a te marea.
4. Te wehewehenga o ngā mahi me te ōhanga mahi
Ahakoa he maha ngā whai wāhitanga e tukuna ana e ngā tauira mahi ngāwari, ka nui ake te koretake. Ka pāngia pea ngā kaimahi mahi tūmau e ngā hāora mahi koretake, te iti o ngā parenga, me ngā whanaungatanga mahi kore-whaiaro. I raro i ēnei āhuatanga, he tokomaha e uaua ana ki te whakatū i tētahi tuakiri ngaio pumau me te tautoko pāpori i te mahi. Ka kitea te anomie i roto i ngā ture kore mārama me ngā heke mai koretake; ka kitea te mokemoke i roto i te mahi kua momotu mai i te tikanga me te hapori.
Pānga Hapori: Mai i te Manukanuka ki te Whakangaromanga o te Kotahitanga
Kāore te anomie me te mokemoke e pā ki ngā tāngata takitahi anake, engari ki te hapori hoki. I te whānuitanga, ka taea e rātou te arahi ki te pikinga o te ahotea, te pouri, te whakamahi kino i ngā matū, te tutu, me te wehewehenga pāpori. Ina kore te iwi e whakapono he tika ngā ture (anomie) ā, kāore rātou e whai wāhi ki te pūnaha (alienation), ka memeha te kotahitanga. I te mutunga, ka uaua ake te hanga whakaaetanga matatika tahi a te hapori, i te mea ka wehewehea ngā wheako ā-rōpū ki ngā hiahia whakataetae.
Ngā Mahi hei Whakaiti i te Anomie me te Moemoea
Kāore he otinga kotahi, engari he maha ngā huarahi kaupapa here me ngā mahi pāpori hei āwhina:
1. Mā te whakapakari i ngā umanga pāpori whānui: mā te mātauranga, ngā ratonga hauora hinengaro, me te tiakitanga pāpori taurite ka taea te whakaiti i ngā taumahatanga hanganga.
2. Te waihanga i ngā wāhi hapori: mā ngā whakahaere tangata whenua, ngā hapori whai pānga, ngā mahi tahi, me ngā wāhi tūmatanui ka whakatenatena i te hononga me te wairua noho tahi.
3. Ngā mahi whai tikanga, atawhai tangata hoki: ka whakaitihia te noho mokemoke e te māramatanga o ngā whāinga, te mana motuhake, te whai wāhi a ngā kaimahi, me te taurite o te mahi me te oranga.
4. Te mātauranga matihiko me ngā tikanga matatika o te tūāpapa: ko te whakahaere i te whakamahinga pāpāho pāpori, te hanga i ngā tikanga whakaaroaro, me te tono i te kawenga tūāpapa ka taea te whakamama i te pēhanga o te ahurea whakataurite.
Te Katinga
Ko te Anomie me te Motuhaketanga he tirohanga nui e rua hei mārama ki te taha pōuri o te ao hou: ina tere ake te huringa pāpori i tō tātou kaha ki te hanga tikanga, ā, ina huri ngā pūnaha whakaputa me ngā hangarau i ngā whanaungatanga tangata ki te mahi, ki te tangata ake, me te hapori. Mā te mōhio ki ngā tohu - te pōhēhē o ngā uara, te momotu, te ngaronga o te tikanga - ka taea e tātou te hanga i ngā urupare pāpori atawhai ake. Kāore te ao hou e mutu ki te kore noa iho; ka taea te noho hei wāhi mō te hanga anō i te kotahitanga, te ōritetanga o ngā whai wāhitanga, me te mahi rangatira.
