Te Āwhina a te Anthropology ki te Mārama ki te Hapori
Ko te mātauranga tangata te ako i te tangata i roto i ngā āhuatanga maha, mai i te ahurea me te reo ki te whanaketanga koiora, ki ngā taunekeneke pāpori me te ōhanga. Hei kaupapa mātauranga, ka tukuna e te mātauranga tangata tētahi huarahi ahurei mō te katoa me te maha o ngā kaupapa, e whai ana ki te mārama ki ngā uauatanga o te oranga tangata. I roto i tēnei tuhinga, ka tūhuratia e mātou te whai wāhi a te mātauranga tangata ki tētahi māramatanga whānui mō te hapori, me te whakaatu i ētahi o ngā tikanga me ngā ariā matua e whakamahia ana i roto i tēnei kaupapa.
Huarahi Whānui me te Huarahi Whakawhitiwhiti
Ko te tikanga o te huarahi whānui i roto i te mātauranga tangata, ehara i te mea ka arotahi ngā tohunga mātauranga tangata ki tētahi āhuatanga anake o te oranga tangata, engari ki ngā momo huānga e hono tahi ana. Hei tauira, kia mārama ai ki ngā whanonga o tētahi rōpū i roto i te horopaki hauora, ka whakaarohia pea e te tohunga mātauranga tangata hauora ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te hītori, te ōhanga, ngā pūnaha whakapono, me te taiao ā-tinana.
Mā te huarahi whakawhitiwhiti mātauranga ka taea e te mātauranga tangata te tango i ngā tikanga me ngā ariā mai i ngā momo mātauranga rerekē, pērā i te koiora, te whaipara tangata, te reo, te pāpori, me te hinengaro. Ka whakarei ake tēnei i te tātari, ā, ka puta he māramatanga whānui ake mō te hapori.
Ko tētahi o ngā tikanga tino nui i roto i te mātauranga tangata ko te mātauranga iwi, e uru ana ki te mātakitaki i te mara me te whai wāhi atu ki te oranga o ia rā o te rōpū e akohia ana. Mā te mātauranga iwi, ka taea e ngā tohunga mātauranga tangata te mārama ki ngā mahi ahurea, ngā uara, me ngā tikanga pāpori mai i te tirohanga a te tangata o roto . He tino whai hua tēnei tikanga ki te hopu i ngā āhuatanga matatini o ngā taunekeneke pāpori me ngā taunekeneke ahurea e ngaro pea i ngā tikanga rangahau tauanga.
Hei tauira, i whakamahia e Clifford Geertz, he tohunga tātai tangata rongonui, te mātauranga tātai iwi hei mārama ki te ahurea o Bali mā tana rangahau i te whawhai heihei. Mā te tirotiro tika me te whai wāhi atu, i taea e Geertz te hura i ngā tikanga tohu me te pāpori o te whawhai heihei i roto i te hapori whānui o Bali.
Te Reo ā-Iwi
E ako ana te mātauranga reo ā-tangata i te awe o te ao pāpori me te ahurea ki te reo, ā, ki tōna awe anō hoki. Ehara i te mea he huarahi whakawhitiwhiti kōrero anake te reo , engari he whakaata anō hoki i te tirohanga a te hapori ki te ao. Mā te ako i ngā tauira reo, ngā hanganga wetereo, me te whakamahinga o te reo i roto i ngā horopaki pāpori, ka taea e ngā tohunga mātauranga reo te hura i ngā āhuatanga rerekē o te tuakiri rōpū, te mana whakahaere, me te huringa pāpori.
Hei tauira, ko ngā rangahau a Edward Sapir rāua ko Benjamin Lee Whorf mō te ariā Sapir-Whorf e whakaatu ana ka taea e te reo te awe i te āhua o tā tātou whakaaro me te mārama ki te ao. Hei tauira, ko te reo Inuit, he maha ngā kupu mō te hukarere, e whakaata ana i te kanorau o ngā āhuatanga hukarere he mea nui ki ō rātou oranga o ia rā.
Te Anthropology Koiora
Ko te aro o te tangata koiora (tinana rānei) ki ngā āhuatanga koiora o te tangata me tōna whanaketanga me tōna urutau ki tōna taiao. Mā te ako i ngā kōiwi tawhito, ngā okana, me ngā ira, ka taea e ngā tohunga tātai tangata koiora te whakarato māramatanga ki te hītori whanaketanga o te tangata, te hauora o te taupori, me te urutau ki ngā āhuatanga taiao motuhake.
He maha ngā wā ka tūhuratia e ngā rangahau i roto i te mātauranga tangata koiora te whanaungatanga i waenga i te koiora me te ahurea. Hei tauira, mā te ako i te āhua o te whakahaere a ngā ahurea rerekē i te ahotea me tōna pānga ki te hauora tinana ka kitea te whanaungatanga uaua i waenga i te taiao pāpori me te hauora.
Te whaipara tangata
Hei peka o te mātauranga tangata, ka āwhina te whaipara tangata ki te mārama ki ngā hapori mā te ako i ngā toenga o mua. Mā te keri i ngā taonga tuku iho, ngā hanganga hanga, me ngā mea taiao, ka taea e ngā tohunga whaipara tangata te hanga anō i te oranga o ia rā, te hangarau, me te whakaritenga pāpori o ngā iwi kua roa e ngaro ana.
Hei tauira, nā te rangahau i te iwi Maya i Mesoamerica mā roto i ngā keri whenua kua whakakitea mai ngā kōrero nui mō tana pūnaha ahuwhenua, maramataka, whakapono, me ngā take i hinga ai. Ka whakamahia hoki e te whenua o ēnei rā ngā hangarau matatau pērā i te whakatau wā radiocarbon, te ine tawhiti, me te tātari DNA tawhito hei tiki raraunga tika ake, taipitopito ake hoki.
Ka ako te mātauranga tātai tangata ōhanga i te whakarite a ngā hapori i te whakaputa, te tohatoha, me te kai o ngā taonga me ngā ratonga. I roto i te mārama ki te ōhanga o te hapori, ka arotahi ngā tohunga tātai tangata ōhanga ehara i te mea ko ngā tikanga mākete anake engari ko ngā tikanga pāpori, ngā uara ahurea, me ngā pūnaha whakapono e hanga ana i ngā whanonga ōhanga.
Hei tauira, i roto i tana pukapuka "The Gift," e matapakihia ana e Marcel Mauss te āhua o ngā mahi tuku koha puta noa i ngā ahurea ehara i te mea he tauhokohoko ōhanga noa iho, engari he taputapu nui hoki mō te hanga me te pupuri i ngā whanaungatanga pāpori. Mā ēnei rangahau tātou e mārama ai kāore e taea te wehe i te ōhanga mai i ngā horopaki pāpori me ngā horopaki ahurea whānui.
Ngā Take o Nāianei me ngā Whakamahinga o te Anthropology
He mea nui anō hoki te mahi a te mātauranga tangata ki te mārama me te aro atu ki ngā take uaua o nāianei pērā i te ao whānui, te hekenga mai, te huringa āhuarangi, te hauora o te ao, me te tika pāpori. Mā tōna huarahi whānui, ka tukuna e te mātauranga tangata he tirohanga ahurei ka taea te whai wāhi ki te whakatakoto kaupapa here me ngā otinga whai hua.
Hei tauira, i roto i te horopaki o te hekenga tangata, ka taea e ngā tohunga tātai tangata te āwhina i te hoahoa i ngā kaupapa whakauru e aro ana ki ngā āhuatanga ōhanga anake engari ki ngā āhuatanga pāpori me ngā āhuatanga ahurea hoki. Ka taea e rātou te whakahaere rangahau mara hei mārama ki ngā wero e pā ana ki ngā hapori manene, me pēhea hoki te whakarerekē i ngā kaupapa here kia pai ake ai te whakatutuki i ō rātou hiahia.
Hei tāpiritanga, he maha ngā wā ka mahi tahi ngā tohunga tātai tangata me ngā whakahaere kāwanatanga kore (NGO), ngā kāwanatanga, me ngā umanga o te ao ki te aro atu ki ngā take pēnei i te rawakore, te kore taurite, me te tiaki ahurea. Hei tauira, i mahi tahi a Ruth Benedict, te tohunga tātai tangata ahurea , me te kāwanatanga o te Hononga o Amerika i te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao, ki te mārama ki te ahurea Hapanihi me te whakawhanake i ngā rautaki whai hua ake mō te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero me te hohou i te rongo.
Whakamutunga
He mea nui te mahi a te mātauranga tangata, me tōna huarahi whānui me te huarahi maha-mātauranga, hei āwhina i a tātou ki te mārama ki te hapori . Mā ngā tikanga rangahau pēnei i te mātauranga iwi, ngā rangahau reo, te tātari whaipara tangata, me ngā huarahi koiora ka kitea he māramatanga hōhonu ki ngā āhuatanga maha o te oranga tangata. Mā te whakamahinga o te mātauranga tangata ki ngā take o nāianei ka kitea hoki te uara mahi a te kaupapa ki te waihanga i tētahi ao tika ake, pumau ake hoki.
Mā te mārama ki te noho a te tangata, ki āna taunekeneke, me tana hanga i ō rātou hapori, ka taea e tātou te whiwhi māramatanga whānui ake ki ngā wheako tangata me te mahi tahi ki te aro atu ki ngā wero e pā ana ki ngā hapori o te ao.
