Te Tātari i te Ahurea Tōrangapū i roto i te Anthropology
He ariā nui te ahurea tōrangapū e āwhina ana i a tātou ki te mārama ki te whakamāramatanga a te hapori i te mana, te whakahaere i te whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā tāngata whenua me te kāwanatanga, me te hanga i ngā tauira whai wāhi ki te oranga tūmatanui. I roto i te mātauranga tangata, kāore te ahurea tōrangapū e kitea noa hei manakohanga pōti, hei waiaro rānei ki te kāwanatanga, engari hei wāhanga o te ahurea ora: he mea tito mai i ngā uara, ngā tohu, ngā mahi, ngā kawa, te reo, te mahara ā-rōpū, me ngā wheako hītori e hanga ana i te āhua o te "mahi tōrangapū" a te tangata i roto i te tikanga whānui. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga te tātaritanga o te ahurea tōrangapū mai i te tirohanga mātauranga tangata, e kapi ana i ngā whakamāramatanga, ngā huarahi, ngā huānga, ngā tikanga, me ngā tauira o tōna whakamahinga ki te mārama ki ngā āhuatanga pāpori-tōrangapū.
Te Mārama ki te Ahurea Tōrangapū mai i te Tirohanga Tangata
I te nuinga o te wā, e pā ana te ahurea tōrangapū ki te aronga, ngā waiaro, me ngā tauira whanonga o te hapori ki te pūnaha tōrangapū. Heoi, ka whakawhānuihia e te mātauranga tangata tēnei ki te whakauru i te whānuitanga o ngā tikanga me ngā mahi e mau ana i roto i te oranga o ia rā. Nō reira, ki ngā tohunga mātauranga tangata, ehara i te mea ko te tōrangapū anake e puta ana i roto i te pāremata, i ngā pōtitanga, i ngā tari kāwanatanga rānei, engari i roto anō hoki i ngā kāinga, i ngā mākete, i ngā wāhi karakia, i ngā kawa tuku iho, i ngā whakahaere ā-rohe, tae noa ki ngā pāpāho pāpori—ngā wāhi katoa e whiriwhiria ai te mana.
E tirohia ana e te mātauranga tangata te ahurea tōrangapū hei "huarahi noho" e whakahaere ana i te whakaae, te whakakore rānei i te mana, te whakatūnga o te ngohengohe, te whakatau i ngā pakanga, me te whakatūnga o te mana. Ko te mana i konei ehara i te mea he ture whaimana noa iho, engari ko te whakapono pāpori e kiia ana he tika, he tika, he tika rānei te mana.
He aha te Hiranga o te Anthropology mō te Tātari i te Ahurea Tōrangapū
E toru ngā kaupapa matua e arohia ana e te huarahi matawhenua: te horopaki, te tikanga, me te mahi. Tuatahi, te horopaki: kāore e taea te wehe i ngā whanonga tōrangapū mai i te hanganga pāpori (akomanga, ira tangata, iwi taketake), hītori (koroni, pakanga, whakahoutanga), me te ōhanga (te urunga atu ki ngā rauemi, te tautoko). Tuarua, te tikanga: ehara i te kupu noa ngā tohu pēnei i ngā haki, ngā taitara tuku iho, ngā whaikōrero a "te iwi," te kupu rānei "kaituku" engari he tohu tuakiri me ngā taputapu whakaohooho. Tuatoru, te mahi: ka tirotirohia e te matawhenua te whakahaerenga o ngā mahi tōrangapū, tae atu ki ngā whiriwhiringa kore mana, ngā whatunga whanaungatanga, me ngā mahi tautoko-kiritaki.
Nō reira, ka taea e te mātauranga tangata te whakamārama he aha ngā kaupapa here "whaitake" e ai ki te kāwanatanga ka whakakahoretia i ētahi wā i te taumata ā-rohe, he aha rānei te take kāore e ārahi aunoa ai te manapori tikanga ki te whai wāhi whai tikanga. Ko ēnei rerekētanga kei roto i te ahurea tōrangapū: te tirohanga a te tangata ki te kāwanatanga, ki ngā āpiha, ki te ture, me te tika.
Ngā Huānga o te Ahurea Tōrangapū mā te Anthropology
I roto i te tātaritanga tangata, ka taea te wehewehe i te ahurea tōrangapū ki ētahi wāhanga nui.
1. Ngā Uara me ngā Whakapono
Ko ngā uara pēnei i te rangimārie, te mahi tahi, te hiranga, te ōritetanga, te whakapono rānei, ka pā ki te aromatawai a ngā hapori i te kaiārahi me te whakatau kaupapa. Hei tauira, ko ngā hapori e whakanui ana i te hiranga, ka ngāwari ake te whakaae ki te kaiārahi matua, engari ko ngā hapori he tikanga whakaaroaro, ka pai ake ki ngā tukanga whakaaroaro.
2. Ngā Tohu me ngā Tikanga Tōrangapū
Ko ngā hui whakatūnga, ngā haerenga ā-ture, te tohatoha āwhina, ētahi tikanga tuku iho rānei, ka taea te whakamahi hei whakaatu i te mana. Ko ngā tohu pēnei i te kākahu, ngā tohu whakahonore, me ngā taitara he taputapu hei whakaū i ngā tūranga pāpori-tōrangapū.
3. Ngā Whare Whakahaere Whaimana me ngā Whare Whakahaere Kore Whaimana
Ehara i te mea ko ngā umanga kāwanatanga anake (te tari kāwanatanga, ngā pirihimana, ngā kōti) te kaupapa o te tātaritanga tangata, engari ko ngā umanga kore whaimana anō hoki pērā i ngā tino rangatira tuku iho, ngā kaiārahi whakapono, ngā kaumātua o te kāinga, ngā whakahaere taiohi, me ngā whatunga whānau. He maha ngā wā, ka mahia ngā whakataunga nui mā roto i ngā umanga kore whaimana, e whakawhirinakihia ana e ngā tāngata whenua.
4. Ngā Hononga Mana me te Tauritekore
Kāore te ahurea tōrangapū i te noho kūpapa. Ka taea e ia te whakaputa anō i te kore taurite, hei tauira mā roto i ngā tikanga e whakawhāiti ana i ngā reo o ngā wāhine, e aukati ana i te urunga atu ki ngā rōpū tokoiti, e whakapakari ana rānei i te mana rangatira.
5. Te Mahara Whakakotahi me te Hītori o te Rohe
Ko ngā maharatanga o te tutu tōrangapū, ngā pakanga ahuwhenua, ngā wheako whanaketanga o mua rānei ka hanga i ngā kare ā-roto o te whakawhirinaki, o te whakapae rānei ki te kāwanatanga. Ka taea e te "whara pāpori" te whakatipu i te ahurea o te kore aro ki te tōrangapū, te whakakaha rānei i te mahi whakaohooho.
Ngā Huarahi Ariā i roto i te Anthropology Tōrangapū
He maha ngā huarahi e whakamahia ana e te mātauranga tangata hei pānui i te ahurea tōrangapū:
– Ko te huarahi whakamārama (tohu) e whakanui ana i te tikanga o ngā tohu me ngā kōrero. E māramahia ana te tōrangapū hei wāhi whakaputa tikanga; ko ngā whaikōrero, ngā pūrākau, me ngā kawa e kiia ana he tuhinga ahurea me whakamārama.
– E titiro ana te huarahi Ōhanga Tōrangapū ki te ahurea tōrangapū he mea e hono tata ana ki te tohatoha o ngā rauemi, te whakapaipai, me ngā painga o te karaehe. Ka taea e te ahurea tōrangapū te whakamahi hei taputapu hei whakamārama i te kore taurite, hei rautaki oranga rānei.
– E whakaatu ana te Huarahi Mahi i te whakamahinga a ngā tāngata takitahi me ngā rōpū i ngā rautaki i roto i ngā rohe o ngā tikanga pāpori. Mā tēnei huarahi, kāore te iwi e kitea he patunga noa iho nō te ahurea, engari he kaiwhakaari hohe e whiriwhiri ana i ngā ture.
– Ka tirohia e te huarahi muri-koroni te hanga a ngā taonga tuku iho koroni i te āhua o te mahi tari, te tuakiri tōrangapū, me te tirohanga a te kāwanatanga ki ngā tāngata whenua, tae atu ki te whakarōpūtanga iwi, iwi rānei.
Ngā Tikanga Tāngata Whenua mō te Ako i te Ahurea Tōrangapū
Ko te tikanga matua o te mātauranga tangata ko te mātauranga iwi, arā, he rangahau mara i roto i tētahi wā hei mārama ake ki te oranga o te tangata. I roto i te horopaki o te ahurea tōrangapū, ka whakamahia e ngā tohunga mātauranga tangata:
– Te mātakitaki a te hunga whai wāhi: te haere ki ngā hui a te hapori, ki ngā kaupapa whakatairanga, ki ngā hui tikanga, ki ngā mahi whakahaere rānei.
– Ngā uiuinga hōhonu: te tūhura i te māramatanga o ngā kainoho ki te kaiārahi, te tika, te āwhina pāpori, te pakanga rānei.
– Ngā rangahau take mō ngā pakanga me ngā takawaenga: te tirotiro i te huarahi e whakatauhia ai ngā tautohetohe, ko wai ka whai wāhi, me ngā uara e whakamahia ana.
– Te tātari i ngā kōrero me ngā pāpāho: te mātakitaki i ngā kōrero i roto i ngā pāpāho ā-rohe, i ngā kauwhau, i ngā pānui kaupapa, i ngā kōrero ipurangi rānei.
– Te mahere whatunga pāpori: te whai i te hunga tautoko, ngā whakahoahoa, ngā whanaunga, me ngā rerenga tautoko tōrangapū.
Ko te kaha o te tikanga mātauranga tangata kei roto i tōna kaha ki te pānui i ngā mea e ngaro pinepine ana i ngā rangahau tauanga: arā, ngā nekehanga ringa, ngā rerekētanga rerekē, ngā whakahē, me ngā mahi ōkawa.
Ngā Tauira o ngā Āhuatanga Ahurea Tōrangapū i roto i te Oranga o Ia Rā
Ko tētahi tauira noa ko te tōrangapū tautoko, e hangaia ai ngā whanaungatanga tōrangapū mā te whakawhitiwhiti whakaaro, te urunga atu ki ngā ratonga, te tiakitanga rānei. I roto i te maha o ngā hapori, kāore te tautoko e kiia he "pirau," engari he wāhanga o te matatika pāpori: e kiia ana he pai ngā kaiārahi mēnā "e hiahia ana rātou ki te āwhina" me te "kāore e wareware ki ō rātou iwi." Mā te mātauranga tangata ka taea te wehewehe i waenga i te pirau hei takahi i te ture me te tautoko hei mahi pāpori he mana ahurea, ahakoa kei te pā tonu ki te kore taurite.
Ko tētahi atu tauira ko te whakaaroaro hei tikanga whakatau. Ko te whakaaro nui, ko te whakaaroaro he whakaaturanga o te ōritetanga me te whakaae tahi, engari i roto i te mahi, ka taea te noho hei wāhi mō te mana whakahaere ngawari, hei tauira, ina kore e arohia ngā reo o te hunga rangatahi, o te hunga wāhine rānei. Ka tūhuratia e te tātaritanga tangata ko wai ka kōrero, ko wai ka noho puku, me ngā tikanga e mea ana kia "noa" tēnei kore ōritetanga.
Hei tāpiri atu ki tēnā, kei reira te āhuatanga o te tōrangapū tuakiri, e whakamahia ai te iwi, te whakapono, te rohe rānei hei pūtake mō te whakaohooho. Ka tirohia e te mātauranga tangata te āhua o te hanganga o ngā tuakiri mā roto i ngā kōrero tuku iho, ngā tohu whakapono, me ngā rohe o "tātou" me "rātou." I roto i te nuinga o ngā wā, ehara te tuakiri i te mea pumau, engari he rautaki pāpori e whanake ana i runga i te horopaki o te whakataetae mō ngā rauemi me te mana.
Te Hiranga o te Tātari Ahurea Tōrangapū mō te Hapori o Nāianei
He mea nui te tātaritanga ā-iwi o te ahurea tōrangapū ki te mārama ki ngā wero o te manapori o ēnei rā, pērā i te wehewehenga, te kōrero teka, te kore whakawhirinaki ki ngā umanga, me te tipu haere o te tūranga o ngā kaiwhakaari kore whaimana. Mā te mārama ki te ahurea tōrangapū, ka taea e ngā kaihanga kaupapa here te hanga kaupapa e aro nui ana ki te horopaki, te whakaiti i te ātete, me te whakapakari i te whai wāhitanga a ngā tāngata.
I roto i te ao mātauranga ā-iwi, mā te mārama ki te ahurea tōrangapū ka āwhina i te ako ehara i te mea ko ngā pōtitanga anake te kaupapa tōrangapū, engari ko ngā tikanga matatika a te iwi, ngā wāhi kōrero, me pēhea te whakahaere i ngā rerekētanga, me te kawenga pāpori. Mō ngā kaiwhakahau me ngā whakahaere hapori ā-iwi, mā te tirohanga ā-tangata ka āwhina i te whakatakoto rautaki tautoko e hangai ana ki ngā uara ā-rohe me te kore e wareware i te mātāpono o te tika.
Whakamutunga
Ko te ahurea tōrangapū i roto i te mātauranga tangata ko te huarahi e whakamārama ai, e whakamahi ai hoki te hapori i te mana i roto i te oranga o ia rā. Kei roto ko ngā uara, ngā tohu, ngā umanga kore mana, ngā whanaungatanga mana, me te hītori e hanga ana i ngā waiaro me ngā mahi tōrangapū. Mā te mātauranga tangata me te tātari horopaki, ka taea e te mātauranga tangata te hura i ngā āhuatanga tōrangapū kāore e kitea pinepine: ngā whatunga tautoko, te mana tohu, ngā whiriwhiringa tuakiri, me ngā mahi huna o te mana. He mea nui te mārama ki te ahurea tōrangapū ehara i te mea mō ngā mātauranga anake engari mō ngā kāwanatanga me te hapori whānui hoki ki te hanga i tētahi pūnaha tōrangapū whānui ake, tika ake, e ahu mai ana i ngā ao pāpori o te rohe.
