Te Hononga i waenga i te Anthropology me te Pūtaiao Hinengaro
E whakaarohia ana te mātauranga tangata me te pūtaiao hinengaro he ao e rua ngā ao rerekē. He rite tonu te mātauranga tangata ki te ako i te tangata i roto i te horopaki o te ahurea, ngā mahi pāpori, ngā tohu, me ngā hītori oranga o ngā hapori. I taua wā, he maha ngā wā e hono ana te pūtaiao hinengaro ki ngā taiwhanga, ngā whakamātautau, te whakatauira rorohiko, me ngā kōrero mō te hinengaro, te tirohanga, te mahara, te reo, me te whakatau kaupapa. Heoi, he hononga kaha kei waenganui i ngā mea e rua: e whai ana rāua ki te mārama ki te tangata—ehara i te mea he rauropi koiora anake, engari he mea whakaaro, he ako, he kōrero, he hanga tikanga i roto i ō rātou taiao pāpori. Kei te piki haere te hiranga o te whanaungatanga i waenga i te mātauranga tangata me te pūtaiao hinengaro i ēnei rā nā te mea he maha ngā raruraru tangata o ēnei rā, mai i te kōrero hē ki te hoahoa hangarau, kāore e taea te whakamārama mā roto noa i ngā tirohanga ahurea, roro rānei.
Wāhi Hui: Te Pātai "Me Pēhea te Mārama o te Tangata ki te Ao?"
He pātai nui tā te mātauranga tangata pēnei i ēnei: me pēhea te hanga whakapono, uara, me ngā tikanga a ngā hapori? He aha ētahi mahi e kiia ana he tika i tētahi wāhi, engari he tauhou ki tētahi atu? He pātai ōrite anō tā te pūtaiao hinengaro, engari mā roto i te tirohanga a ngā tukanga hinengaro: te hanganga o ngā tirohanga, te mahi a te mahara, te whakarōpūtanga o ngā ariā, me te whakatau a te tangata. Ko te hononga kei roto i te māramatanga ki ngā tikanga o te tikanga: te whakamārama a te tangata i ngā wheako me te huri i aua wheako hei mātauranga tiritahi.
Hei tauira, ko te ariā o te "wā" te āhua whānui—ka pāngia ngā tāngata katoa e te huringa o te ao me te pō—engari he rerekē te māramatanga: ko ētahi hapori e aro nui ana ki ngā huringa (ngā wā, ngā kotinga, ngā kawa), ko ngā hapori hou ia e aro nui ana ki te wā rārangi, te wā ine (ngā karaka, ngā maramataka, ngā whāinga). Ka āwhina te mātauranga tangata ki te mahere i ngā rerekētanga o te tikanga me te mahi, ko te pūtaiao hinengaro ia e āwhina ana ki te whakamārama me pēhea te ako i ngā ariā āhuahanga pēnei i te wā, te whakaatu i roto i te hinengaro, me te awe i te whanonga.
Te Anthropology Hinengaro: Ngā Tikanga Honohono
Ko tētahi o ngā piriti tino kitea i waenganui i ēnei mara e rua ko te mātauranga hinengaro. I puta mai tēnei peka i te mōhiotanga ehara te ahurea i te huinga tikanga o waho anake engari he pūnaha mātauranga hoki e rongoatia ana, e tohaina ana hoki i roto i te hinengaro tangata. Ka tirotirohia e te mātauranga hinengaro te whakarōpūtanga a te tangata i ngā tipu me ngā kararehe, te mārama ki te whanaungatanga, te hanga i ngā kāwai mate, te whakamārama rānei i te matatika.
Hei tauira, he rerekē te āhua o te whakarōpūtanga o te "whānau" e ngā hapori. Ko ētahi hapori e whakanui ana i te whakapapa whaea, ko ētahi e whakanui ana i te whakapapa pāpā, ā, ko ētahi e whakaaro ana ki ētahi whanaungatanga pāpori he "whānau" ahakoa ehara i te whanaunga toto. Ka taea e te pūtaiao hinengaro te āwhina i te whakautu: me pēhea te hanga a te tangata i ngā kāwai pāpori uaua? He momo hinengaro motuhake kei reira e āwhina ana i te hanganga o ngā kāwai whanaungatanga? Ko te mātauranga tangata, i tētahi atu taha, e whakarato ana i ngā raraunga mara whai kiko hei whakarite kia kaua ngā ariā hinengaro e herea ki ngā tauira ahurea motuhake.
Ahurea hei "Taiao Hinengaro"
I roto i te tirohanga o nāianei, ka taea te mārama ki te ahurea hei taiao e hanga ana, e whakapūmau ana hoki i ngā tukanga hinengaro. Ko te reo, ngā tohu, ngā hangarau, ngā kawa, me ngā tikanga he "taputapu whakaaro" e āwhina ana i te tangata ki te maumahara, ki te tatau, ki te aromatawai, me te whakatau. He hononga tata tēnei ariā ki te ariā o te hinengaro whānui, e kī ana kāore te hinengaro e puta i roto i te mahunga anake engari e uru ana hoki te tinana, ngā mea, me te taiao.
Ko ētahi tauira ko te tuhi tuhipoka, ngā maramataka, ngā mapi, tae noa ki te whakamahinga o ngā waea pūkoro mō te whakatere. Ka ako te mātauranga tangata i te whakamahinga o ēnei taputapu i te ao tūturu, me pēhea te whakarerekē i ngā whanaungatanga pāpori, me pēhea te whakarerekētanga o te tikanga me te tuakiri e ēnei taputapu. Ka ako te pūtaiao hinengaro i ō rātou pānga ki te aro, te mahara, me te whakatau kaupapa. Mā te whakakotahi i ngā mea e rua, ka taea e tātou te mārama ehara i te mea ko "he aha" ngā huringa anake, engari ko "he aha" me "pēhea" te puta o ēnei huringa i te hinengaro me te pāpori.
Tikanga: Te Tūtakitanga o te Iwi ki te Whakamātautau
He maha ngā wā ka kitea ngā rerekētanga o ngā tikanga hei arai, engari he kaha tonu ēnei. E mōhiotia ana te mātauranga iwi mō tana mātauranga iwi: e noho tahi ana ngā kairangahau me ngā hapori, e mātakitaki ana, e whai wāhi ana, e hanga māramatanga ana mai i roto. He tino pai tēnei tikanga ki te hopu i te horopaki, i ngā āhuatanga rerekē o te tikanga, me ngā mahi kāore e taea te ine i ngā wā katoa mā te tau. Ko te pūtaiao hinengaro ia, e whakamahi ana i ngā whakamātautau e whakahaeretia whānuitia ana hei whakamātautau i ngā whakapae mō te take me te pānga i roto i ngā tukanga hinengaro.
I ēnei rā, he maha ngā rangahau e whakakotahi ana i ngā mea e rua: ko ngā whakamātautau he mea hanga i runga i ngā kitenga ahurea kia whai pānga ki te ahurea, ā, ka whakamāramahia anō ngā hua i runga i ngā hanganga pāpori me te hītori o te rohe. Ko tēnei huarahi whakakotahi e kiia ana ko te rangahau ahurea whakamātautau, ko te rangahau ahurea-maha rānei i roto i te hinengaro me te hinengaro. Nō reira, kāore te ariā hinengaro e aro nui ki tētahi ahurea, engari ko te mātauranga ahurea ka whiwhi taputapu anō hei tirotiro i ngā tikanga e pā ana ki ngā āhuatanga pāpori.
Kaupapa Matua: Reo, Ngā Kāwai, me te Matatika
E kitea ana te whanaungatanga i waenga i te mātauranga tangata me te pūtaiao hinengaro i roto i ngā kaupapa matua e toru.
Tuatahi, te reo. E whakaatu ana te mātauranga tikanga tangata reo ehara te reo i te huarahi whakawhitiwhiti kōrero anake engari he kaihanga o te ao pāpori: e whakahaere ana i ngā tikanga, i te mana, i ngā kawa, me te tuakiri. E ako ana te pūtaiao hinengaro i te tukatuka o te reo, te ako a ngā tamariki, me te awe o te reo i te aro me te mahara. Ko te ako i te whanaungatanga reo—mehemea he awe te reo i te whakaaro—me whai raraunga ahurea-maha me te whakamātautau hinengaro pakari.
Tuarua, ngā kāwai me ngā mātauranga ā-rohe. He maha ngā hapori he pūnaha whakarōpūtanga taiao tino matatau, he rerekē i ērā o te pūtaiao hou. Ko te mātauranga tangata e tuhi ana i te hanganga o tēnei mātauranga, ko te pūtaiao hinengaro ia e tirotiro ana i ngā āheinga hinengaro e āhei ai te tangata ki te hanga whakarōpūtanga: te mōhio ki ngā tauira, te ako tatauranga, me te whakaaro taurite. Mā tēnei mahi tahi ka whakarei ake i tō tātou māramatanga ki te hinengaro tangata i roto i ngā horopaki rerekē.
Tuatoru, ko te matatika me ngā kare ā-roto. E whakaatu ana te mātauranga tangata he rerekē te māramatanga o ngā ariā o te "pai me te kino"—ko ētahi ahurea e whakanui ana i te noho tahi o te katoa, ko ētahi e whakanui ana i te herekoretanga takitahi. Ka ako te pūtaiao hinengaro me te pūtaiao roro i te pūtake o ngā kare ā-roto matatika pēnei i te aroha, te hara, te riri rānei. Mā tā rātou mahi tahi ka taea te wehewehe ko ēhea ngā āhuatanga matatika ka taea te ao whānui i te hinengaro, ā, ko ēhea hoki e tino hangaia ana e ngā tikanga me ngā umanga ā-rohe.
Ngā Painga Whaihua: Mai i te Hangarau ki te Hauora
Ko te hononga i waenganui i ēnei kaupapa e rua e horapa atu ana i tua atu i ngā mahi mātauranga. Hei tauira, i roto i te hoahoa hangarau, me tautoko te māramatanga hinengaro mō ngā herenga o te aro me te mahara e te māramatanga tangata mō ngā whanonga, ngā uara, me ngā whanaungatanga pāpori a ngā kaiwhakamahi. Ki te kore he tangata, ka kore e taea te hoahoa nā te kore e hototahi ki te horopaki ahurea. Ki te kore he pūtaiao hinengaro, ka kore e aro te hoahoa ki te tukatuka a te tangata i ngā mōhiohio.
I roto i te rāngai hauora, kua roa te whakaaturanga a te mātauranga tangata hauora he pānga ahurea ngā tirohanga ki te mate, te whakaora, me te tinana. Mā te pūtaiao hinengaro ka mārama te tangata ki te aromatawai i te mōrearea, te whakawhirinaki ki ngā mōhiohio hauora, me te whakawhanake i ngā tikanga. He mea nui ēnei e rua mō ngā whakawhitiwhiti kōrero hauora tūmatanui, inā koa i te wā e aro ana ki ngā mate urutā, ngā werohanga, ngā huringa whanonga mō te wā roa rānei.
Ngā Wero me ngā Aronga o te Ao
Ahakoa he tautoko, he wero kei mua i tēnei mahi tahi. I ētahi wā ka whakahē te pūtaiao hinengaro i te pūtaiao hinengaro mō te whakangawari i te tangata hei taurangi whakamātautau. I tētahi atu taha, ka whakahē te pūtaiao hinengaro i te pūtaiao hinengaro mō te kore e inehia, te uaua rānei ki te tārua. Ka taea te wikitoria i ēnei wero mā te tūnga tikanga tuwhera: te whakakotahi i te whakamātautau pakari me te horopaki whai kiko.
I ngā rā kei te heke mai, ka nui haere te hiranga o te whanaungatanga i waenga i te mātauranga tangata me te pūtaiao hinengaro hei mārama ki ngā āhuatanga o te ao pēnei i te hekenga mai, te wehewehenga tōrangapū, te ahurea matihiko, me te mātauranga horihori. Ka hangaia e te ao hou te whakaaro tangata mā roto i ngā rauropi, ngā pāpāho pāpori, me te rere nui o ngā mōhiohio. Hei mārama ki tēnei, me whai tirohanga rua tātou: te mahi a te hinengaro, me pēhea te ahurea—tae atu ki te hangarau—e ārahi ana i taua hinengaro.
Te Katinga
Ehara te mātauranga tangata me te pūtaiao hinengaro i ngā kaupapa e rua e whakahē ana, engari he huarahi e rua e whakakaha ana i te māramatanga ki te tangata. Ka whakaratohia e te mātauranga tangata he māramatanga hohonu ki te horopaki ahurea, te tikanga, me te hanganga pāpori; ka whakaratohia e te pūtaiao hinengaro he whakamārama mō ngā tikanga hinengaro e āhei ai te tangata ki te ako, ki te whakamārama, me te mahi. Ina honoa ngā mea e rua, ka whiwhi tātou i tētahi pikitia tino whānui: ko te tangata hei mea koiora whakaaro me ngā mea ahurea e hanga ana i tētahi ao tiritiri mā roto i ngā tohu me ngā mahi. Mā tēnei hononga ka tuwhera te huarahi mō te rangahau e tika ake ana i waenga i ngā ahurea, e tika ake ana i roto i ngā mahi, ā, e tika ake ana hoki ki te aro atu ki ngā wero o te oranga tangata o ēnei rā.
