Te Anthropology Whakahaere me ngā Āhuatanga Mahi
Ko te mātauranga tangata whakahaere he peka ako e whakamahi ana i ngā tirohanga tangata—ina koa ko ngā ariā o te ahurea, ngā tohu, ngā whanaungatanga mana, me ngā mahi o ia rā—kia mārama ai ki te mahi a ngā whakahaere. Ahakoa he maha ngā wā e aro nui ana te pūtaiao whakahaere ki te hanganga, te rautaki, me ngā whāinga mahi, ka tūhura te mātauranga tangata whakahaere i ngā wāhanga ngaro engari he mea nui: me pēhea te hoatu e te tangata te tikanga ki te mahi, me pēhea te hanga i ngā tikanga, me pēhea te whakatau i ngā whakataunga i te ao tūturu (ehara i te mea i runga i te pepa anake), me te take ka puta ai te pakanga me te kotahitanga i roto i te tukanga mahi. Mā te huarahi mātauranga tangata, ka āwhina te mātauranga tangata whakahaere ki te whakamārama i ngā hihiri o te mahi hei mea ora, e neke ana, e hangaia ana e ngā taunekeneke pāpori o ia rā.
Ngā whakahaere hei "ahurea" mātauranga
Mai i te tirohanga a te tangata, ehara te whakahaere i te hanganga noa iho, i te kohinga tūranga rānei, engari he ao pāpori me ōna ake uara, tikanga, reo, me ngā kawa. Ka kitea te ahurea whakahaere i roto i ngā kōrero iti: te āhua o te whakatuwheratanga o ngā hui, ko wai ka kōrero tuatahi, te āhua o te whakamahi i te whakakatakata, te āhua o te tuku i ngā whakahē, me te āhua o te whakanui i te angitu. Ko ēnei katoa he "ture kore tuhituhi" e kaha ake ana i ngā tikanga ōkawa.
Hei tauira, tera pea he kaupapa here tuwhera a te kamupene e akiaki ana i ngā kaimahi ki te whakapuaki whakaaro tika ki ngā kaiwhakahaere. Heoi, i roto i te mahi, ki te kī te ahurea o ia rā ka kitea te whakahē he mea whakararuraru i te rangimarie, ka whiriwhiri ngā kaimahi ki te noho puku. E whakaatu ana tēnei ko te mārama ki tētahi whakahaere me titiro ki ngā mahi tūturu, kaua ko ngā tuhinga mana anake.
Te mahi a te etnography: te kite i te mea ngaro
Ko te tikanga matua o te mātauranga tangata ko te mātauranga iwi—he tirotiro hōhonu me te whai wāhi atu ki te oranga o ia rā o tētahi rōpū. I roto i te horopaki whakahaere, ko te mātauranga iwi he tirotiro i ngā auau mahi, ngā tauira whakawhitiwhiti kōrero, te whakamahinga o te wāhi tari, tae noa ki te āhua o te whiriwhiri a te tangata i ngā ture. Ehara te arotahi ki te kimi "ko wai te tika, ko wai te hē," engari ko te mārama ki te whakamārama a te tangata i ngā āhuatanga me te take e pēnei ai ā rātou mahi.
He whai hua tēnei huarahi hei mārama ki ngā paparanga o te ao tūturu e warewarehia ana i roto i ngā rangahau mō te pai o te mahi a ngā kaimahi, i ngā pūrongo mahi rānei. Tērā pea ka kī ngā rangahau "he pai te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero ā-roto," engari ka taea e te rangahau iwi te whakaatu ko te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero ka puta mā roto i ngā hongere kore whaimana - ngā rōpū kōrerorero motuhake, ngā whakahoahoa i waenga i ngā wāhanga, ngā tino tangata rānei e mahi ana hei "piriti" mō ngā mōhiohio.
Ngā hihiri mahi: ngā whanaungatanga, te tuakiri, me te whiriwhiringa
Ko ngā hihiri mahi he tukanga pāpori e puta mai ana i ngā taunekeneke i waenga i ngā tāngata takitahi me ngā rōpū i te wāhi mahi. E titiro ana te mātauranga tangata whakahaere ki ngā hihiri mahi hei hua o ngā whiriwhiringa tonu i waenga i ngā hiahia whaiaro, ngā tono whakahaere, me ngā uara ā-rōpū. E toru ngā āhuatanga matua e whakanuia ana: ngā whanaungatanga mana, te hanganga tuakiri, me ngā mahi whiriwhiringa.
1) Ngā whanaungatanga mana me te mana whakahaere kāore i te whaimana
Kāore te mana i roto i ngā whakahaere e whai tonu i te mekameka whakahau ōkawa. Ka taea e te tangata kei raro iho te whai mana nui nā te mea he mātauranga motuhake tōna, he whatunga whānui ōna, he "kaitātari" rānei ki te kaiārahi. Ka kiia tēnei e ngā tohunga tātai tangata he mana ōkawa—koinei te nuinga o te wā e whakatau ana i te rere o ngā whakataunga.
E kitea ana hoki te mana i roto i te wehewehenga o te mahi: ko wai ka whiwhi i ngā kaupapa rautaki, ko wai ka whiwhi i te atamira whakaaturanga, ā, ko wai ka noho kore e kitea te mahi. I roto i te maha o ngā whakahaere, ko ngā "mahi kare ā-roto" pēnei i te whakaiti i te pakanga, te manaaki i ngā kaimahi hou, te pupuri rānei i te wairua o te tīma ka mahia e ngā tāngata takitahi me te kore e whakamanahia ōkawa. Ina mau tonu tēnei momo mahi i runga i ngā tāngata kotahi, ka kore e taurite te kaha o te mahi, ā, ka arahi ki te ngenge.
2) Tuakiri ngaio me te wairua noho tahi
Kāore te tangata e "mahi" noa; ka hangaia e rātou ngā tuakiri mā roto i ā rātou mahi. Ko ngā taitara mahi, ngā kākahu mahi, te urunga atu ki ētahi wāhi, tae atu ki ngā wāhitau īmēra a te kamupene ka taea te noho hei tohu mō te mana me te mema. Ko te aro nui ki te mātauranga tangata whakahaere ki te āhua o te hanganga me te pupuri i ngā tuakiri ngaio: "ko mātou te tīma auaha," "ko mātou ngā kaimahi mara," "ko mātou ngā tāngata raraunga."
Ka taea e ēnei tuakiri te whakatipu i te whakapehapeha me te kotahitanga, engari ka hangaia hoki he arai i waenga i ngā rōpū. Hei tauira, ka kite pea te tīma whakahaere i te tīma rautaki he "ā-whakaaro" me te kore e pā ki ngā āhuatanga tūturu o te whenua, engari ka kite pea te tīma rautaki i te tīma whakahaere he "kore auaha". Ki te kore e whakahaerea, ka taea e ēnei tuakiri rerekē te arahi ki te wehewehenga ka whakararu i te mahi tahi.
3) Ngā ture whiriwhiri: i waenganui i te tikanga me te mahi
I runga i te pepa, ka whakawhirinaki ngā whakahaere ki ngā SOP, ngā KPI, me ngā paerewa mahi. Heoi, i roto i te mahi, he maha ngā wā ka whakatikatikahia e ngā kaimahi kia haere tonu ai ngā mahi. Ka taea e ēnei whakatikatika te tango i te ahua o ngā pokatata haumaru, te mahi auaha, te tohatoha mahi kore ōkawa rānei. E titiro ana te tohunga mātauranga tangata whakahaere ki ēnei whiriwhiringa he mea tūturu: ka whakamāramahia e te tangata ngā ture i roto i te horopaki.
Ka puta ngā raruraru ina whānui rawa te āputa i waenga i ngā ture ōkawa me ngā mahi. Ka taea e ngā kaimahi te noho pōhēhē—e whakaaro ana ki ngā kaupapa here he "whakaaturanga" noa iho—kāore rānei e mauheretia e ngā tono koretake. Koinei te wāhi e āwhina ai te mātauranga tangata: kaua e whakapae noa i ngā tāngata takitahi, engari ka tirotirohia mēnā kua hangaia ngā ture kia rite ki ngā āhuatanga pāpori me ngā rauemi e wātea ana.
Te kawa, ngā tohu, me te reo: ngā taputapu e hanga ana i te mahi
Ka hangaia hoki ngā hihiri mahi e ngā kawa whakahaere: ngā hui ā-wiki, ngā huihuinga ā-rohe, ngā aromatawai mahi, te whakaurunga kaimahi, tae noa ki ngā haerenga ki waho. Ka herea ngā mema e ngā kawa mā te whakahoki kōrero me te tohu. Ka whakakaha ake i "te āhua o tā tātou noho ki konei." Ahakoa ngā tikanga ngāwari pēnei i te pakipaki i muri i te whakaaturanga, te tohu kaimahi pai rawa atu, te tikanga tina ā-iwi rānei, ka tukuna ngā karere mō ngā uara o te whakahaere—ahakoa he whakataetae, he mahi tahi, he mahi tari rānei.
He mea nui anō hoki te reo. Ehara i te mea he kupu noa iho ngā kupu pēnei i te "whānau," "ātaahua," "whakaaro nui," "whakaaro tipu," "whakaaro tipu rānei." Ka hangaia e rātou ngā tumanakohanga whanonga, ā, ka whakataurite i ētahi tirohanga. Hei tauira, ina kīia pinepinetia e tētahi whakahaere ko ia he "whānau," ka taea e tēnei te whakatipu i te mahana me te tautoko tahi. I tētahi atu taha, ka whakamahia te kupu hei pana i ngā rohe ngaio: he uaua ki te whakakore i te mahi tāpiri nā te mea e kiia ana he "kāore e mahi tahi."
Te pakanga me te mahi tahi: ngā taha e rua o te hihiri
E titiro ana te ao tangata whakahaere ki te pakanga ehara i te tohu o te korenga, engari he wāhanga tūturu o te tukanga pāpori. Ka puta ake te pakanga i ngā hiahia rerekē, i ngā tūranga kore mārama, i te mōhiotanga kore taurite, i te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero kore rānei. Ko te mea nui ko te whakahaere i te pakanga: ahakoa ka whakatuwheratia hei kōrero, ka pehia hei whakaaro mō te rangimārie, ka hurihia rānei hei kōrero pakiwaitara me te pakanga roa.
He rerekē, ka hangaia te mahi tahi ina he whakawhirinaki, he haumaru hinengaro, me ngā tikanga a te tīma e tautoko ana i te āwhina tahi. He maha ngā wā ka hangaia te whakawhirinaki mā roto i ngā taunekeneke iti, auau—te pupuri i ngā kupu whakaari, te mihi ki ngā takoha a ētahi atu, me te mārama i roto i ngā whakataunga. I roto i te nuinga o ngā wā, ko te mahi tahi kaha ka whakatauhia nuitia e ngā whanaungatanga pāpori kaua e ngā whakatenatena ōkawa.
Te huringa whakahaere: he aha i puta pinepine ai te ātete
Ina pāngia ngā whakahaere e ngā huringa—te hanganga anō, te mamati, ngā panonitanga kaiārahi, te whakatinanatanga rānei o ngā pūnaha hou—he maha ngā wā ka kitea te ātete hei waiaro kino. He whakamārama anō tā te mātauranga tangata: ka taea e te ātete te tohu he whakawehi te huringa i te tuakiri, te mana, te wairua haumaru rānei o tētahi rōpū. Ehara i te mea nā te mea "kāore e hiahia ki te neke whakamua" te ātete a te tangata, engari nā te mea ka whakararuraru te huringa i tā rātou tikanga o nāianei.
Nō reira, ehara i te whakangungu hangarau anake te hiahia mō te huringa whai hua. Me mahi ahurea: te whakamārama i te take mō te huringa i roto i te reo e mārama ana, te whakauru i ngā rōpū matua, te whakarato wāhi mō ngā tikanga tawhito e pouri ana, me te waihanga i ngā tikanga hou e whakaū ana i te ahunga hou o te whakahaere.
He aha te hiranga o te mātauranga tangata ā-whakahaere i ēnei rā
Ko te wāhi mahi o ēnei rā e tohuhia ana e te mahi mamao, te mahi tahi ā-ahurea, te whakamahinga o te AI, me te aro nui ki te hauora hinengaro me te kanorau. He mea nui ēnei take katoa ki te taha pāpori-ahurea: te āhua o te taunekeneke a te tangata, te hanga whakawhirinaki, me te whakamārama i te mahi i waenganui i ngā huringa. He mea nui te mātauranga tangata whakahaere nā te mea ka taea e ia te whakamārama i ngā whakahaere hei pūnaha rauropi o ngā whanaungatanga tangata, ehara i te mea he mīhini whakaputa hua noa iho.
Hei whakamutunga, ko te mārama ki ngā nekehanga o te mahi ko te mārama ki ngā tāngata o roto i ngā whakahaere—me ō rātou uara, kare ā-roto, rautaki whakatau raruraru, me ngā tumanakohanga. Mā te mātauranga tangata whakahaere ka taea te kite i waenga i ngā rārangi: ngā tauira noa, ngā tohu mana, ngā whatunga kore ōkawa, me ngā kōrero e akiaki ana i te mahi. Mā taua arotahi, ka taea e tātou te hanga kaupapa here pumau ake, te hanga ahurea mahi hauora ake, me te waihanga i ngā whakahaere ehara i te mea he whai hua anake engari he atawhai tangata hoki.
