Izindlela Zokucwaninga ku-Qualitative Sociology
I-Sociology, njengesayensi efunda umphakathi, ukusebenzisana komphakathi, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezakhiwo zomphakathi, inezindlela ezahlukahlukene zocwaningo. Enye yezindlela eziyinhloko ku-sociology izindlela ezisezingeni eliphezulu. Izindlela zocwaningo ezisezingeni eliphezulu ku-sociology zihlose ukuqonda izimo zomphakathi ngokombono wabahlanganyeli, zigcizelela ubunzima, ukujula, kanye nokuhlanganiswa kokuhlangenwe nakho kwabantu. Lesi sihloko sizoxoxa ngezindlela ezahlukene zocwaningo olusezingeni eliphezulu ezivame ukusetshenziswa ku-sociology, okuhlanganisa ukubuka kwabahlanganyeli, izingxoxo ezijulile, ucwaningo lwe-ethnography, ukuhlaziywa kwezindaba, kanye nezifundo zamacala.
Ukuqaphela Abahlanganyeli
Ukubuka kwabahlanganyeli kungenye yezindlela ezindala kakhulu neziyisisekelo zokuhlola ocwaningweni lwezenhlalo. Kule ndlela, abacwaningi bahlanganyela emisebenzini yansuku zonke yezifundo ezifundwayo. Le ndlela ivumela abacwaningi ukuthi bazizwele ngqo impilo yeqembu lezenhlalo elifundwayo, baqonde ukusebenzisana kanye nokuziphatha esimweni semvelo.
Umgomo oyinhloko wokubuka abahlanganyeli ukuthola ukuqonda okujulile nokuphelele ngesihloko socwaningo. Abacwaningi bavame ukurekhoda okubonwe yibo ngendlela yamanothi asensimini, abese ehlaziywa ukuze kutholakale amaphethini nezindikimba ezibalulekile. Enye yezinselele zale ndlela ukugcina ibhalansi phakathi kokubandakanyeka kwabahlanganyeli kanye nokungakhethi komcwaningi.
Ingxoxo Ejulile
Izingxoxo ezijulile ziyindlela ebalulekile ocwaningweni olunemininingwane evumela abacwaningi ukuthi bathole ukuqonda okujulile ngemibono yabantu, imizwa yabo, kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho kwabo. Lezi zingxoxo ngokuvamile zihlelekile kancane, kanti umcwaningi unikeza imibuzo eminingana eqondisayo kodwa futhi uvumela ababambiqhaza ukuthi baxoxe ngezihloko ezifanele ngokukhululekile.
Inzuzo eyinhloko yezingxoxo ezijulile yikhono lazo lokuthola ulwazi oluyinkimbinkimbi nolujulile olungase lungaveli ezinhlolovo noma emibuzweni. Kodwa-ke, le ndlela idinga namakhono amahle okuxhumana kanye nokuzwela ukuze kusingathwe izinkinga ezingokomzwelo noma zomuntu siqu ezingase ziphakame ngesikhathi senhlolokhono.
Ucwaningo Lwezinhlobo Zomphakathi
Ucwaningo lwe-ethnographic luyindlela ebanzi nejulile yokuhlaziya, lapho abacwaningi bechitha isikhathi eside neqembu noma umphakathi othile ukuze bathole ukuqonda okuphelele ngamasiko awo. I-ethnographic ivame ukuhilela inhlanganisela yezindlela ezifana nezingxoxo ezijulile, ukubuka abahlanganyeli, kanye nokuhlaziywa kwemibhalo.
I-Ethnography ivame ukukhiqiza izincazelo ezicebile nezinemininingwane zemikhuba yomphakathi, amasiko, ubudlelwano, kanye nezakhiwo zamandla ngaphakathi kweqembu elifundwayo. Isibonelo esivamile socwaningo lwe-ethnographic ucwaningo lukaBronisław Malinowski ngabantu baseTrobriand basePapua New Guinea. Le ndlela ivumela abacwaningi ukuthi bazizwe futhi baqonde izici kanye nokuguquguquka kwempilo yomphakathi eyinkimbinkimbi, okuvame ukuba nzima ukuyifinyelela ngezinye izindlela.
Ukuhlaziywa Kwendaba
Ukuhlaziywa kwendaba kuyindlela esezingeni eliphezulu egxile ezindabeni noma ezindabeni ngazinye. Le ndlela iyaqaphela ukuthi izindaba ziyindlela eyinhloko abantu abaqonda ngayo futhi banike incazelo kokuhlangenwe nakho kwabo. Ekuhlaziyweni kwendaba, abacwaningi baqoqa izindaba ezilandiswa abahlanganyeli bese behlaziya isakhiwo sazo, izingqikithi, kanye nezincazelo.
Le ndlela iwusizo kakhulu ekuqondeni indlela abantu abachaza ngayo ubuwena babo, ababhekana ngayo nezinselele, futhi babone izinguquko empilweni yabo. Ukuhlaziywa kwezindaba kuvame ukusetshenziswa ocwaningweni oluhlobene nezindaba zobuwena, ukuhlukumezeka, ukufuduka, kanye nokugula. Enye inselele yale ndlela ukuthi izindaba zingaba ngezomuntu siqu kakhulu futhi zincike ekuchazeni kwabahlanganyeli, okudinga indlela ebucayi nehlaziyayo.
Studi Kasus
Ucwaningo lwecala luyindlela yocwaningo olunemininingwane esebenzisa ucwaningo olujulile nolunemininingwane ngesimo esisodwa noma ngaphezulu ngaphakathi komongo wangempela. Lawa macala angaba ngabantu ngabanye, amaqembu, izinhlangano, noma izenzakalo ezithile. Le ndlela ivumela abacwaningi ukuthi babambe ubunzima bento ethile ngaphakathi komongo othize.
Ezifundweni zamacala, imithombo eminingi yedatha ivame ukusetshenziswa, okuhlanganisa izingxoxo, ukubonwa, kanye nemibhalo. Le ndlela ivumela abacwaningi ukuthi bathole ukuqonda okujulile nokuphelele futhi baqonde ukuguquguquka kwecala elifundwayo. Enye inkinga yale ndlela ukuthi ukwenza imiphumela yocwaningo ibe miningi kuvame ukuba nzima ngenxa yokugxila kwayo kakhulu kumongo.
Unxantathu
Unxantathu kuyindlela evame ukusetshenziswa ocwaningweni olusezingeni eliphezulu ukuqinisekisa ubuqiniso nokuthembeka kwedatha. Kulesi simo, unxantathu ubhekisela ekusetshenzisweni kwezindlela eziningi noma imithombo yedatha ukuhlola ukuvumelana kwemiphumela yocwaningo.
Isibonelo, abacwaningi bangasebenzisa inhlanganisela yezingxoxo ezijulile, ukubuka kwabahlanganyeli, kanye nemibhalo ebhaliwe ukuze bathole isithombe esiphelele nesinembile salesi simo esifundwayo. Ukwehlukanisa kusiza ekunciphiseni ukucwasa futhi kuvumela abacwaningi ukuthi bahlole ulwazi, ngaleyo ndlela bandise ukwethembeka kwemiphumela yocwaningo.
Ukuhlaziywa Kwekhodi Nokuhlela Izihloko
Ukubhala ikhodi kuyinqubo yokuhlaziya idatha esezingeni eliphezulu lapho idatha ihlukaniswa khona ibe yizingxenye ezincane futhi ifakwe ikhodi ngokusekelwe ezindikimbeni noma ezigabeni ezithile. Lokhu kubhala ikhodi kungenziwa ngesandla noma kusetshenziswa isofthiwe yokuhlaziya idatha esezingeni eliphezulu njenge-NVivo noma i-Atlas.ti.
Ukuhlaziywa kwezihloko kuyisinyathelo esilandelayo lapho abacwaningi bebheka khona amaphethini noma izingqikithi ezivela kudatha ebhalwe phansi. Ngokubona lezi zingqikithi, abacwaningi bangafinyelela izincazelo ezibanzi kanye neziphetho mayelana nesenzakalo esifundwayo.
Ukuvumelana nezimo
Ukuguquguquka kocwaningo lwekhwalithi kubhekisela ekuqapheleni kwabacwaningi kanye nokuzindla okubucayi ngokuthi izikhundla zabo kanye nemibono yabo kungathonya kanjani inqubo yocwaningo. Ukuguquguquka kokuguquguquka kuyisici esibalulekile sezindlela zocwaningo lwekhwalithi ngoba abacwaningi abalokothi bacabange noma bangathathi hlangothi ngokuphelele.
Ngokuzijwayeza ukuzivumelanisa nezimo, abacwaningi bavame ukubhala ama-memo noma amajenali okuzindla ukuze baqophe imicabango yabo, imizwa, kanye nokusabela kwabo kuyo yonke inqubo yocwaningo. Lo mkhuba usiza abacwaningi ukuthi bahlale bezazi futhi babhekane nokucwasa okungaba khona.
Isiphetho
Izindlela zocwaningo olunekhwalithi ku-sociology zinikeza izindlela ezahlukahlukene zokuqonda nokuhlola izenzakalo zomphakathi ngokujulile nangomongo. Kusukela ekubukeni kwabahlanganyeli kuya ekuhlaziyweni kwendaba, indlela ngayinye inamandla nobuthakathaka obuhlukile. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-triangulation, ikhodi, kanye ne-reflexivity kungasiza ekuqiniseni ubuqiniso nokuthembeka kwemiphumela yocwaningo. Ngalezi zindlela, abacwaningi bangadlulisela ukuqonda okucebile kanye nokuqonda nge-dynamics eyinkimbinkimbi yezenhlalo, okuyinto izindlela zokulinganisa zodwa ezingenakukwazi ukuyenza. Ngakho-ke, izindlela zocwaningo olunekhwalithi zihlala zimathuluzi abalulekile ku-sociology ukuze kuqondwe amaqiniso ahlukahlukene futhi aguquguqukayo ezenhlalo.
