Ubudlelwano Phakathi Kwezenhlalo kanye Nezobugebengu
I-sociology kanye ne-criminology kuyimikhakha emibili yesayensi efunda abantu empilweni yabo yezenhlalo, kodwa ngokugxila okuhlukile. I-sociology ihlola umphakathi wonke—izakhiwo zomphakathi, ukusebenzisana, izindinganiso, izindinganiso, izikhungo zomphakathi, ngisho noshintsho lwezenhlalo. Okwamanje, i-criminology igxile ebugebengwini: ukuthi kungani buvela, ukuthi ubani ongase abenze, ukuthi umphakathi ububona kanjani ubugebengu, nokuthi uhlelo lobulungiswa bezobugebengu lusabela kanjani kubo. Lokhu okubili kuhlobene kakhulu ngoba ubugebengu abuyona nje isenzo somuntu ngamunye, kodwa yinto yomphakathi eyakhiwe futhi yathonywa yindawo yezenhlalo, yamasiko, yezomnotho, neyezepolitiki.
Isayensi yezenhlalo njengesisekelo sokuqonda ubugebengu
Ngokombono wezenhlalo, ubugebengu bungaqondwa njengohlobo lokuziphatha okuphambene. Ukuziphatha okuphambene kuyisenzo esiphula imigomo nezindinganiso ezikhona eqenjini noma emphakathini. Ngenxa yokuthi imigomo nezindinganiso ziyahlukahluka kuye ngesikhathi nendawo, incazelo "yobugebengu" ayihlali ihambisana. Isibonelo, isenzo esibhekwa njengesigebengu kwesinye isikhathi singase sibe semthethweni kwesinye, noma ngokuphambene nalokho. Yilapho isayensi yezomphakathi isiza khona ubugebengu: inikeza ilensi yokubona ukuthi imingcele phakathi "okujwayelekile" "nokuphambene" ivame ukunqunywa yizimiso zomphakathi, amandla, kanye nezikhungo.
I-Sociology iphinde igcizelele ukuthi abantu abaphili endaweni engenalutho. Izinqumo zomuntu, okuhlanganisa nesinqumo sokwenza isenzo esingekho emthethweni, zivame ukuthonywa izimo zomphakathi ezifana nobumpofu, ukungalingani, izingxabano zomphakathi, ubudlelwano, izinqubo zokuxhumana nabantu, kanye nokufinyelela emfundweni namathuba emisebenzi. Ngakho-ke, i-criminology esebenzisa indlela yezenhlalo ivame ukubheka ubugebengu njengomkhiqizo wokuxhumana phakathi kwabantu nezakhiwo zomphakathi, hhayi nje indaba yokuziphatha komuntu siqu.
I-Criminology isebenzisa imiqondo yezenhlalo
Isayensi yobugebengu yanamuhla ithuthuke ngokushesha, iboleka imibono eminingi yezenhlalo kanye nemibono. Eminye yemibono ebaluleke kakhulu evame ukusetshenziswa ihlanganisa:
1. Isakhiwo senhlalo kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwezigaba
Ukuhlukaniswa kwezenhlalo kuchaza ukuba khona kwezigaba emphakathini ngokusekelwe esigabeni sezomnotho, isimo senhlalo, imfundo, noma amandla. Izifundo eziningi zihlobanise ukungalingani kwezenhlalo kanye nobumpofu nengozi eyengeziwe yobugebengu obuthile. Lokhu akusho ukuthi abantu abampofu bayizigebengu ngempela, kodwa izimo ezicindezelayo—njengokungasebenzi, izindawo ezingaphephile, noma ukufinyelela okulinganiselwe ezinsizeni zomphakathi—zingandisa amathuba obugebengu.
2. Izindinganiso, izindinganiso, kanye nokulawula umphakathi
I-Sociology ifunda ukuthi imiphakathi igcina kanjani ukuhleleka ngokulawula komphakathi, kokubili okusemthethweni (umthetho, amaphoyisa, izinkantolo) kanye nokungahlelekile (umndeni, omakhelwane, abaholi bomphakathi). I-Criminology isebenzisa lo mqondo ukuqonda ukuthi kungani eminye imiphakathi inamazinga aphansi obugebengu ngenxa yokulawula komphakathi okuqinile okungahlelekile, kanti eminye ibhekana nokulawula komphakathi okubuthakathaka ngenxa yokuwohloka komphakathi.
3. Ukuxhumana nabantu kanye namaqembu ontanga
Inqubo yokuhlalisana nabantu ibumba indlela yokucabanga nokuziphatha komuntu ngamunye, okuhlanganisa nokuqonda kwakhe okulungile nokungalungile nokuthi yini evumelekile nengavumelekile. I-Criminology ihlola kabanzi indima yamaqembu omndeni, esikole, kanye nontanga ekukhuthazeni noma ekuvimbeleni ubugebengu. Isibonelo, ukuzihlanganisa namaqembu aphula umthetho kungandisa amathuba omuntu okwenza izenzo ezifanayo.
Imibono yezenhlalo enethonya ku-criminology
Ubudlelwano phakathi kwesayensi yezenhlalo kanye nesayensi yobugebengu bucaca kakhulu uma ubheka imibono evame ukusetshenziswa ukuchaza ubugebengu.
1. I-Anomie and Strain Theory (UDurkheim noMerton)
UDurkheim wethula umqondo we-anomie njengesimo "sokungabi nalutho olujwayelekile" lapho umphakathi ubhekana noshintsho olusheshayo kanye nemithetho yezenhlalo efiphala. UMerton wathuthukisa lo mbono ngethiyori yokucindezeleka: lapho umphakathi ugcizelela umgomo wempumelelo (isib. ingcebo), kodwa ukufinyelela okusemthethweni kuyo kungalingani, abanye abantu bazosebenzisa "ezinye izindlela," okuhlanganisa nobugebengu. Lo mbono uchaza ukuthi kungani ingcindezi yezenhlalo kanye nokungalingani kwamathuba kungaholela ebugebengwini.
2. Ithiyori Yokuhlobana Kokuhlukahluka (iSutherland)
Lo mbono uthi ukuziphatha kobugebengu kufundwa ngokusebenzisana nabanye. Umuntu uba yisigebengu hhayi nje ngenxa yezici zebhayoloji noma zengqondo, kodwa futhi ngoba kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi amukele izincazelo ezisekela ukwephulwa komthetho kunalezo eziwenqabayo. Lokhu kuhambisana nokugxila kwezenhlalo ezinqubweni zokufunda komphakathi kanye nethonya leqembu.
3. Ithiyori Yokubiza Amagama (uBecker noLemert)
Ngokusho kwethiyori yokubhala amalebula, isenzo sibhekwa njengesiphambene hhayi ngenxa yesenzo ngokwaso, kodwa ngoba umphakathi ubiza umenzi wobubi ngokuthi "uphambene." Leli lebula lingaba nomphumela oqondile: umuntu osevele ebizwa ngokuthi "uyisigebengu" angase abe nobunzima bokubuyela empilweni evamile, okuholela ebugebengwini obuphindaphindwayo. I-sociology idlala indima ebalulekile kulo mbono ngenxa yokugxila kwayo ekusabeleni komphakathi kanye nokwakhiwa kwencazelo.
4. Ithiyori Yezingxabano Zomphakathi
Umbono wezingxabano uqaphela ukuthi imithetho nezincazelo zobugebengu zivame ukuthonywa amaqembu anamandla. Ukuziphatha okuthile kungase kwenziwe kube yicala hhayi ngoba nje kuyingozi, kodwa ngoba kusongela izintshisekelo zamaqembu athile. Ubugebengu obuthonywe yimfundiso yezingxabano buqokomisa ubudlelwano bamandla, ukubandlululwa, kanye nokungabi nabulungisa ekuphoqelelweni komthetho.
Umehluko ekugxilweni: umphakathi obanzi vs ubugebengu obuthile
Nakuba kuhlobene, isayensi yezenhlalo kanye nesayensi yobugebengu kunomehluko obalulekile. Isayensi yezenhlalo ifunda izici ezahlukene zokuphila komphakathi, kusukela emndenini kanye nenkolo kuya emfundweni, ezomnotho, ezombusazwe, kanye namasiko. Ubugebengu kanye nokuphambuka kuyisici esisodwa nje socwaningo lwayo. Isayensi yezokubugebengu incane kakhulu kodwa ijule kakhulu: igxile ezenzweni zobugebengu, abenzi bobubi, izisulu, kanye nezinhlelo zokubhekana nazo.
Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokugxila kwayo ngqo, i-criminology idinga umbono wezenhlalo ukuze igweme ukubhajwa ezincazelweni zomuntu ngamunye. Ngaphandle kwe-sociology, ubugebengu bungaqondwa kancane kancane, isibonelo, njengomphumela nje "wobuntu obubi" noma "ukuntuleka kokuziphatha." Noma kunjalo, amacala amaningi abonisa ukuxhumana phakathi kobugebengu nezici zomphakathi njengokungalingani, ukuhlukaniswa kwesifunda, isiko lobudlova, izikhungo zomphakathi ezibuthakathaka, kanye nenqubomgomo yomphakathi.
Iminikelo ewusizo: inqubomgomo yobugebengu kanye nokuvimbela
Ubudlelwano phakathi kwezenhlalo kanye nesayensi yobugebengu buyabonakala nasemizamweni yokuvimbela ubugebengu kanye nokuphendula. Izindlela ezigcizelela isijeziso zodwa zivame ukunganele, ikakhulukazi lapho izimbangela eziyinhloko zingokwesakhiwo. Ukuhlaziywa kwezenhlalo kusiza ekwakheni izinqubomgomo zokuvimbela ezengeziwe, isibonelo:
– ukunciphisa ukungalingani kwezenhlalo ngezinhlelo zokuvikela ezomnotho kanye nezenhlalo,
- ukuqinisa imfundo kanye namakhono emisebenzi yamaqembu asengozini,
– ukwakha izindawo zomphakathi eziphephile nezanele,
– ukuqinisa imiphakathi kanye nokulawulwa komphakathi okungakahleleki,
– khuthaza ukuvuselelwa kanye nokubuyiselwa komphakathi kwabenzi bobubi ukuze bangaphindi ubugebengu.
I-sociology iphinde ibe negalelo ekutadisheni ubudlelwano phakathi kwamaphoyisa nomphakathi, ukwethenjwa komphakathi ezikhungweni zomthetho, kanye nomthelela wokucwaswa kwababeboshiwe. Okwamanje, i-criminology inikeza idatha eqondile kanye nokuhlaziywa ngamaphethini obugebengu, izindlela, izindawo ezisengozini, kanye namaphrofayili engozi, okuvumela ukuthuthukiswa kwenqubomgomo okuqondiswe kakhulu.
I-Penutup
Ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-sociology kanye ne-criminology buyaqina. I-sociology inikeza uhlaka olubanzi lokuqonda ukuthi umphakathi usebenza kanjani: ukuthi izimiso zakhiwa kanjani, ukuthi ukungalingani kwenzeka kanjani, ukuthi amaqembu athonya kanjani abantu ngabanye, nokuthi amandla asebenza kanjani. I-Criminology igxila loluhlaka esimweni sobugebengu: izimbangela zaso, izinqubo, imiphumela, kanye nendlela yokubhekana naso. Ubugebengu buyinto yomphakathi ngokuyisisekelo, ngakho ukuqonda okuphelele kudinga ukuhlanganiswa kokubili. Ngokubheka ubugebengu njengomphumela wokuxhumana phakathi kwabantu nezakhiwo zomphakathi, singakha amasu angagcini nje ngokujezisa kodwa futhi avimbele, alungise, futhi adale umphakathi onobulungiswa nophephile.
