Ithiyori Yezamasiko Ezemfundo
Ezweni lemfundo, impumelelo yokufunda ivame ukucatshangwa ukuthi inqunywa kuphela ubuhlakani bomuntu ngamunye, ukusebenza kanzima, noma ikhwalithi yesikole. Kodwa-ke, iqiniso liyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Abafundi abaningi abakhuthele futhi abahlakaniphe ngokulinganayo basabonisa impumelelo yezemfundo ehlukene ngenxa yezizinda zenhlalo ezingalingani. Enye inkolelo-mbono esiza ekuchazeni lokhu kungalingani yinkolelo-mbono yengcebo yamasiko, eyathuthukiswa kakhulu yisazi sezenhlalo saseFrance uPierre Bourdieu. Le nkolelo-mbono ichaza ukuthi "izimpahla" ezithile zamasiko—njengezindlela zokukhuluma, ukunambitheka, imikhuba yokufunda, kanye nolwazi ngohlelo lwemfundo—zingazuzisa kanjani abanye abafundi futhi zivimbele abanye.
Ukuqonda Inhloko-dolobha Yezamasiko
Ingcebo yamasiko iqoqo lolwazi, amakhono, izindlela zokuphila, kanye nemikhuba yamasiko umuntu anayo futhi angayisebenzisa ukuze athole ukuqashelwa emphakathini kanye nezinzuzo ezinkundleni ezahlukene, okuhlanganisa nemfundo. Ngokungafani nemali yezomnotho (imali nempahla), imali yezamasiko ivame ukungabonakali, kodwa umthelela wayo ungokoqobo kakhulu. Esimweni sesikole, imali yezamasiko ithonya indlela abafundi abaqonda ngayo izifundo, abaxhumana ngayo nothisha, abahlanganyela ezingxoxweni, futhi bavumelane nezidingo zemfundo.
UBourdieu ugcizelele ukuthi izikole azizona izindawo ezingathathi hlangothi ngokuphelele. Bavame ukubheka amasiko nolwazi lwamaqembu athile omphakathi—ngokuvamile amakilasi aphakathi naphezulu—njengendinganiso “evamile” noma “efanelekile”. Ngenxa yalokho, abafundi abavezwa kulelo siko kusukela besebancane banamathuba amaningi okuphumelela, kuyilapho abafundi abavela ezizindeni ezahlukene belwela kakhulu ukufunda “ulimi” kanye nemithetho engabhalwanga.
Izinhlobo Ezintathu Zenhloko-dolobha Yezamasiko
UBourdieu uhlukanisa ingcebo yamasiko ibe yizinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko, ngayinye edlala indima emfundweni:
1. Kufakwe inhloko-dolobha yamasiko
Lena yingcebo yamasiko etholakala kumuntu, njengezindlela zokukhuluma, ukuziphatha, imikhuba yokufunda, ukuzethemba kokwethula, kanye nendlela yokuveza imibono. Le ngcebo yakhiwa ngenqubo ende emndenini nasendaweni yomphakathi. Isibonelo, izingane ezijwayele izingxoxo ekhaya zivame ukukhululeka kakhulu ekuxabaneni ekilasini.
2. Ingcebo yamasiko engenakugwenywa
Lezi zimpahla zithatha isimo sezinto zamasiko njengezincwadi, amakhompyutha, ukufinyelela i-inthanethi, izinsimbi zomculo, ubuciko, noma izindawo zokufunda ezanele. Nakuba ukuba nalezi zimpahla kungasekela ukufunda, kusadinga imali yamasiko ebonakalayo ukuze isetshenziswe kahle. Isibonelo, ukuba nezincwadi eziningi ekhaya kuzoba nomthelela omkhulu uma izingane nazo ziqondiswa ekufundeni nasekuqondeni.
3. Inhloko-dolobha yamasiko esungulwe yizikhungo
Leli fomu liphathelene nokuqashelwa okusemthethweni njengeziqu zobudokotela, izitifiketi, iziqu, kanye neziqinisekiso. Emfundweni nasemsebenzini, ingcebo yamasiko ehlelekile ivame ukusetshenziswa njengendlela yokulinganisa "amakhono" omuntu. Kodwa-ke, ukuthola idiploma esezingeni eliphezulu akuvamile ukulingana nawo wonke umuntu, njengoba inqubo eholela kuyo ithonywa kakhulu yingcebo yamasiko ekhona kakade.
Inhloko-dolobha Yezamasiko kanye Nokukhiqizwa Kokungalingani Kwezemfundo
Omunye wemibono kaBourdieu eyinhloko ukuthi imfundo ingadlala indima ekuzaleni kabusha komphakathi, okungukuthi, ukuphinda nokugcina izakhiwo zokungalingani kusukela esizukulwaneni kuya kwesinye. Izikole zivame ukubhekwa njengezindlela zokuhamba komphakathi, kodwa ngokusho kwemfundiso ye-cultural capital, izikole zingaba futhi izindlela "ezihlanganisa" izikhundla ezithile zomphakathi.
Isibonelo, izikole eziningi zihlola amakhono olimi olubhaliwe nolukhulunywayo ngokwezindinganiso ezithile—njengekhono lokubhala izindatshana zokuphikisana, ukusebenzisa isilulumagama sezemfundo, noma ukukhuluma ngendlela ehlelekile. Abafundi abajwayele ukuzwa abazali babo bexoxa, befunda izincwadi, futhi bexhumana ezindaweni zomphakathi ezisekela la makhono bazohlangabezana kalula nalezi zindinganiso. Okwamanje, abafundi abangenalo ulwazi olufanayo bangabhekwa “njengabangakwazi kangako,” kanti empeleni, bamane nje abanalo ukufinyelela emalini yamasiko.
Kulesi simo, izikole zibonakala zikwazisa “ukufeza okunenjongo”, kanti empeleni kunezinzuzo ezifihliwe kulabo asebevele beletha imali yamasiko ehambisana namasiko esikole.
I-Habitus kanye "nemithetho engabhalwanga" ezikoleni
Inkolelo-mbono yenhloko-dolobha yamasiko ayihlukaniseki nomqondo we-habitus, okungukuthi amaphethini okucabanga, imikhuba, kanye nokuziphatha okwakhiwa ngokuhlangenwe nakho kokuphila. I-Habitus yenza umuntu azizwe "ekhululekile" noma "eyisihambi" endaweni ethile. Esikoleni, abafundi abanomkhuba ohambisana nesiko lesikole bavame ukuzethemba kakhudlwana, bakhuthele ekubuzeni imibuzo, futhi baqonda kalula okulindelwe othisha.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abafundi abanemikhuba ehlukene bangase bathole isikole siyindawo engaphandle. Bangase bangajwayelani nokukhuluma esidlangalaleni, bangabaza ukuveza imibono yabo, noma bangajwayelani namasu okufunda abhekwa njengokuvamile othisha. Lokhu akuyona nje indaba yamandla okuzimisela, kodwa kunalokho umehluko osekunesikhathi eside emaphethini okuxhumana nabantu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona "imithetho engabhalwanga" esikoleni: indlela yokucela usizo kothisha, indlela yokukhetha imisebenzi yangaphandle kwesikole enamasu, kanye nendlela yokwakha iphothifoliyo yokwamukelwa esikoleni noma ekolishi eliphezulu. Abafundi abanemali yamasiko eqinile bavame ukuhlonyiswa kangcono ukuhamba ngalezi zinhlelo, kanti abanye bavame ukuhamba ngaphandle kwemephu.
Izibonelo Zengqalasizinda Yezamasiko Emisebenzini Yezemfundo
Empilweni yansuku zonke, ingcebo yamasiko ingabonakala ezintweni ezibonakala zilula. Isibonelo:
– Amakhono okufunda nokubhala: Izingane ezijwayele ukufundwa izindaba zisencane zivame ukuqaphela izakhiwo zokulandisa ngokushesha futhi zibe nokuqonda okuqinile kokufunda.
– Isitayela sokuxhumana: Abafundi abakwazi ukukhuluma ngendlela ehlelekile nehlelekile bavame ukubhekwa “njengabahlakaniphile” noma “abavuthiwe”, yize umongo wemibono yabo ungahlali ungcono.
– Ulwazi ngomhlaba wezemfundo: Abafundi abanabazali abaye bafunda ekolishi bavame ukuqaphela kakhulu izinketho ezinkulu, izifundi, izinhlangano zasekhempasini, kanye nokubaluleka kokuxhumana nabantu.
– Imisebenzi yokucebisa: Izifundo zolimi, izifundo zomculo, noma ukuvakashela iminyuziyamu kungandisa ulwazi lwakho futhi kukhulise ukuzethemba kwakho endaweni yesikole.
Kusukela kulezi zibonelo kusobala ukuthi ingcebo yamasiko isebenza ngezinqubo ezicashile, ezivame ukungabonwa othisha nabafundi, kodwa imiphumela yayo ingokoqobo empumelelweni yezemfundo.
Imiphumela Yomgomo Wothisha Nezemfundo
Ukuqonda inkolelo-mbono yezimali zamasiko kubalulekile ukuze othisha nabenzi benqubomgomo bangamane bahlanganise impumelelo yomfundi nomzamo womuntu ngamunye. Kunemiphumela eminingana esebenzayo:
1. Qaphela ukuhlukahluka kwezizinda zabafundi
Othisha kudingeka baqaphele ukuthi izindlela zokufunda nokuxhumana zabafundi zithonywa yindawo yasekhaya. Ukuhlolwa akufanele kulinganise kuphela "izindlela" ezifanele amasiko kodwa futhi kufanele kuqashelwe ukuhlukahluka kokuveza ulwazi.
2. Fundisa "ikhodi" yezemfundo ngokucacile
Amakhono amaningi esikoleni kucatshangwa ukuthi azalwa ngabafundi, kodwa akuwona wonke anawo. Amasu anjengokufundisa izifinyezo, amasu okwethula, isakhiwo sendatshana, kanye nendlela yokuthola imithombo kungasiza abafundi abangakabi nawo la makhono amasiko.
3. Ukwandisa ukufinyelela ezinsizeni zokufunda
Izikole zingahlinzeka ngemitapo yolwazi esebenzayo, izinhlelo zokufunda nokubhala, ukufinyelela ku-inthanethi, isiqondiso somsebenzi, kanye nemisebenzi yobuciko namasiko ukuze abafundi bathole okuhlangenwe nakho okucebisa imali yabo yamasiko.
4. Ukwakha ubudlelwano nemindeni kanye nemiphakathi
Esikhundleni sokusola imindeni ngokuthi “ayisekeli kangako,” izikole zingakha ubudlelwano bokubambisana: ukuqeqeshwa kwabazali, ukuxhumana okubandakanya wonke umuntu, kanye nezinhlelo zomphakathi ezikhuthaza isiko lokufunda ekhaya.
Isiphetho
Ithiyori ye-cultural capital emfundweni inikeza ilensi ebalulekile yokubuka impumelelo yezemfundo hhayi nje indaba yekhono lomuntu ngamunye, kodwa futhi ehlobene nefa lamasiko nezenhlalo elilethwa abafundi esikoleni. Ngokuqonda i-cultural capital—ezimweni zayo ezivezwe, ezingenakuphikiswa, nezisekelwe ezikhungweni—singabona ukuthi ukungalingani kwezemfundo kwenzeka kanjani nokuthi kungani abanye abafundi bezivumelanisa kalula nezidingo zesikole.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, lo mbono uvula amathuba okuthuthuka: izikole azikwazi ukusebenza njengezindawo eziqinisa ukungalingani, kodwa njengezindawo ezisiza bonke abafundi ngokuzithandela ukufinyelela "ulimi" lwezemfundo, izinsiza zokufunda, namasu adingekayo ukuze bachume. Ngale ndlela, imfundo ingasondela emqondweni wobulungiswa bezenhlalo: ukunikeza ingane ngayinye ithuba elilinganayo ngempela lokuphumelela.
