Umqondo Wezindinganiso Zamasiko Ngombono Wezenhlalo
Izindinganiso zamasiko ziwumqondo obalulekile kwezenhlalo yabantu ukuqonda ukuthi imiphakathi yakha kanjani, iyaqhubeka kanjani, futhi ishintsha kanjani. Empilweni yansuku zonke, izindinganiso zamasiko zikhona endleleni abantu abakhuluma ngayo, banquma ukuthi yini ebhekwa njengehloniphekile, bakhethe imisebenzi, bafundise izingane, futhi baphendule ngisho nokungafani. Nakuba zivame ukuzizwa "zingokwemvelo," izindinganiso zamasiko empeleni ziwumphumela wokwakhiwa komphakathi okuzuzwe ngenqubo ende futhi zihlala zihunyushwa kabusha. Lesi sihloko sixoxa ngomqondo wezindinganiso zamasiko ngokombono wezenhlalo: incazelo yazo, izici, imisebenzi yomphakathi, izinqubo zokwakheka, ubudlelwano nezindinganiso nezikhungo, ukuhlukahluka emiphakathini, kanye nokuguquguquka koshintsho.
Ukuqonda Izindinganiso Zamasiko
Ngokombono wezenhlalo, izindinganiso ziyimibono ehlanganyelwe ngalokho okubhekwa njengokuhle, okulungile, okubalulekile, nokufanelekile eqenjini noma emphakathini. Uma lezi zindinganiso zixhunywe ohlelweni lwezincazelo, izimpawu, kanye nemikhuba edluliselwa esizukulwaneni kuya kwesinye, ziba yingxenye yesiko. Izindinganiso zamasiko azihlali zivezwa njengemithetho ebhaliwe, kodwa kunalokho zisebenza "njengekhampasi" eqondisa ukwahlulela nokuziphatha komphakathi.
Isibonelo, ukubaluleka kwe-"gotong royong" emiphakathini eminingi yase-Indonesia kuvame ukuqondwa njengesibopho sokuziphatha sokusizana. Leli nani libe selithonya umkhuba wokusebenzelana komphakathi, ubumbano lomakhelwane, kanye nesiko lokusizana ngesikhathi semikhosi nezinhlekelele. Esinye isibonelo ukubaluleka "kokuhlonipha abantu abadala," okubonakala olimini, ekushukumeni nasekuziphatheni okuhle.
Izici Zezindinganiso Zamasiko
Izindinganiso zamasiko zinezici eziningana ezihlukile. Okokuqala, zingokwenhlalo—ziyabelwana futhi ziyabelwana, hhayi nje ngokuthanda komuntu ngamunye. Okwesibili, azicacile: zikhona njengemibono noma izinkolelo, kuyilapho ukubonakaliswa kwazo okuqondile kubonakala ekuziphatheni nasezimpawini. Okwesithathu, izindinganiso zilandelana ngokwezigaba; imiphakathi ivame ukubeka phambili ezinye izindinganiso kunezinye, isibonelo, ibeka phambili ukuvumelana komphakathi kunokuqondisa ekuxhumaneni.
Okwesine, izindinganiso ziyahambisana futhi zihambisana nesimo. Lokho okubhekwa njengenhlonipho, okufanele, noma okuhle kakhulu kwelinye isiko kungase kungabi njalo kwelinye. Okwesihlanu, izindinganiso ziyashintshashintsha. Nakuba ngokuvamile kubhekwa “njengesiko,” izindinganiso zingashintsha ngenxa yemfundo, ushintsho lwezomnotho, ukufuduka, ubuchwepheshe, noma ukusebenzisana komhlaba wonke.
Izindinganiso, Imikhuba, kanye Namasiko: Ubudlelwano Obungahlukani
Ku-sociology, kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwezindinganiso nezindinganiso. Izindinganiso ziyizimiso ezijwayelekile ezibhekwa njengezinhle, kuyilapho izindinganiso ziyimithetho yokuziphatha eqondile etholakala ezindinganisweni. Isibonelo, ukubaluleka "kokuziphatha okuhle" kubangela izindinganiso ezifana nokukhuluma ngezwi elithile, ukugqoka ngendlela efanele ngezikhathi ezisemthethweni, noma ukuziphatha okuhle lapho uvakashile. Ukwephula izindinganiso kuvame ukuholela ekujezisweni komphakathi: ukusolwa, ukucwaswa, noma ukwahlulela okubi.
Izindinganiso nezindinganiso kuxhumene emasikweni. Isiko ngokwalo lihlanganisa imibono, izenzo, kanye nezinto zobuciko. Izindinganiso zihlala endaweni yemibono, izindinganiso ziqondisa izenzo, futhi zombili zibonakala ezintweni zobuciko (isb., izimpawu zemikhosi, izingubo zendabuko, noma ukwakheka kwendlu). Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi izindinganiso zamasiko azizona nje "izimfundiso," kodwa kunalokho ziyizinhlelo ezihlanganisa incazelo kanye nemikhuba yomphakathi.
Umsebenzi Wezindinganiso Zamasiko Empilweni Yomphakathi
Izindinganiso zamasiko zinemisebenzi eminingana ebalulekile emphakathini.
1. Njengesiqondiso sokuziphatha
Izindinganiso zinikeza isiqondiso mayelana nendlela umuntu okufanele aziphathe ngayo. Abantu bafunda kusukela ebuntwaneni ukuthi yini okufanele bayihloniphe nokuthi yini okufanele bayidelele.
2. Njengesisekelo sobumbano lomphakathi
Ukuvumelana ngezindinganiso ezithile kudala umuzwa womphakathi. Uma umphakathi ubona into ebalulekile (isibonelo, ukuvumelana), uvame ukuthuthukisa izindlela zokuyilondoloza.
3. Njengethuluzi lokulawula umphakathi
Izindinganiso nezindinganiso zikhawulela ukuziphatha okubhekwa njengokuphazamisa ukuhleleka. Ukulawulwa komphakathi kungaba okungakahleleki (ukuhleba, ukugxeka) noma okusemthethweni (imithetho yesikhungo).
4. Njengomthombo wobuwena
Izindinganiso zamasiko zisiza amaqembu ukuthi achaze “ukuthi singobani.” Lokhu kuzibonakalisa kuvame ukuvela ngezimpawu, amasiko, kanye nemikhuba ehlukanisa iqembu elilodwa kwelinye.
5. Njengomthetho wezikhungo zomphakathi
Izikhungo eziningi—umndeni, imfundo, inkolo, ezomnotho kanye nezombusazwe—zidinga ukuba nezindinganiso ezithile ezisemthethweni ukuze zamukelwe. Isibonelo, uhlelo lwemfundo luthembele ezindinganisweni “zokuphumelela” noma “isiyalo” ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuhlolwa nokukhetha.
Izindinganiso Zamasiko Zakhiwa Kanjani Futhi Zidluliselwa Kanjani?
I-sociology igcizelela inqubo yokuhlalisana nabantu njengendlela eyinhloko yokudlulisa izindinganiso. Ukuhlalisana nabantu kwenzeka ngomndeni, isikole, amaqembu ontanga, izinhlangano zenkolo, abezindaba, futhi manje namapulatifomu edijithali. Ingane ifunda izindinganiso hhayi nje kuphela ngeseluleko, kodwa futhi nangokuqiniswa (imivuzo) kanye nesijeziso, izibonelo, kanye nokuphindaphinda emisebenzini evamile.
Ngaphezu kokuxhumana nabantu, izindinganiso zakhiwa nangokusebenzisana nabantu. Umbono wokuxhumana nabantu ongokomfanekiso uqaphela ukuthi incazelo yezindinganiso ivame ukuxoxiswana ngazo ezimweni eziqondile. Isibonelo, ukubaluleka "kokwethembeka" kungaqondwa ngendlela ehlukile lapho abantu bebhekene nenkinga: ingabe ukukhuluma iqiniso elibuhlungu kungcono njalo kunokulawula imizwa ngenxa yokuzwana? Izimpendulo zabantu zingahluka, futhi lokhu kuxoxisana ngencazelo kuyaqhubeka.
Imibono Yethiyori Yezenhlalo Ngezindinganiso Zamasiko
Izindlela eziningana zezenhlalo zichaza izindinganiso zamasiko ngokugcizelela okuhlukile:
1. Ukusebenza kahle
Ngokombono we-functionalist, izindinganiso ziyizinto ezigcina ukuhleleka komphakathi kanye nokuhlanganiswa. Izindinganiso ezabiwe zidala ukuzinza ngoba abantu babelana ngeziqondiso ezifanayo. Kodwa-ke, le ndlela ngezinye izikhathi igxekwa ngokungaxazululi ukungalingani kanye nokungqubuzana.
2. Imfundiso Yokungqubuzana
Ithiyori yezingxabano igcizelela ukuthi izindinganiso zamasiko zingaba yindawo yezintshisekelo ezingqubuzanayo. Amaqembu amakhulu angabeka izindinganiso ezithile ukuze zivumelane nezintshisekelo zawo, ngaleyo ndlela zenze zibonakale "ziyizindinganiso ezivamile." Isibonelo, inani "lempumelelo" lingaxhunyaniswa nezindinganiso ezithile zezomnotho ezingezona njalo ezifanele kuzo zonke izigaba zomphakathi.
3. Ukusebenzisana Okungokomfanekiso
Le ndlela ibheka izindinganiso njengomphumela wenqubo yokuhumusha ekusebenzelaneni kwansuku zonke. Izindinganiso azigcini nje "zamukelwa," kodwa futhi ziyaxoxiswana, ziguqulwe, noma zenqatshwe ngisho nasezintweni ezingokoqobo zabantu ngabanye namaqembu.
Le mibono emithathu iyaphelelisana: izindinganiso zingasebenza ngasikhathi sinye ukugcina ukuhleleka, zibe ithuluzi lokulawula, futhi zihlale zivulekele ukuxoxisana ngencazelo.
Ukwehlukahluka Kwenani Lamasiko kanye Nezinselele Zamasiko Ahlukahlukene
Emiphakathini ehlukahlukene, izindinganiso zamasiko zingahlukahluka futhi ngezinye izikhathi zincintisane. Ukwehluka kwezindinganiso kungacebisa, kodwa kungadala nokungezwani, ikakhulukazi lapho izindinganiso zingena emkhakheni wenqubomgomo yomphakathi, imfundo, noma izindinganiso zomphakathi. Inselele ebalulekile emiphakathini enamasiko amaningi ukuthola ibhalansi phakathi kokuhlonipha ukwehlukahluka kanye nesidingo semithetho ehlanganyelwe.
Isihluthulelo sezenhlalo ukuqonda ukuthi umehluko emananini uvela ezizindeni ezahlukene zomlando, okuhlangenwe nakho okuhlangene, kanye nezakhiwo zomphakathi. Ingxoxo yamasiko ahlukahlukene, ulwazi lokuxhumana nabantu, kanye nezinqubomgomo ezibandakanya wonke umuntu kungasiza ekwakheni ukuhlala ndawonye ngokulinganayo.
Izinguquko Emananini Amasiko Enkathini Yanamuhla Neyedijithali
Izindinganiso zamasiko azikho endaweni engenalutho. Ukuthuthukiswa kwesimanje, ukuthuthuka kwedolobha, imfundo eyandisiwe, ukuhamba kwemisebenzi, kanye nobuchwepheshe bolwazi kusheshisa izinguquko zenani. Imithombo yezokuxhumana, isibonelo, ingashintsha izindinganiso mayelana nobumfihlo, igunya, kanye nendlela umphakathi onquma ngayo iqiniso. Inani "lobunye" lingathatha izinhlobo ezintsha: hhayi njalo ukuhlangana ngokomzimba, kodwa kunalokho ngamanethiwekhi edijithali, iminikelo eku-inthanethi, noma imiphakathi ebonakalayo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukushintsha kwezindinganiso kungabangela ukungezwani kwezizukulwane. Lokho okubhekwa njengokujwayelekile yisizukulwane esisha kungabhekwa njengokuphulwa kwesiko yisizukulwane esidala. I-sociology ibheka lokhu kungezwani njengengxenye yezindlela ezivamile zomphakathi, yize kudinga ukuphathwa ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuhlukana okukhulu.
I-Penutup
Umqondo wezindinganiso zamasiko ngokombono wezenhlalo usisiza siqonde ukuthi ukuziphatha kwabantu akuyona nje indaba yokuzikhethela komuntu ngamunye kodwa kuthonywa izinhlelo zencazelo ezikhona emphakathini. Izindinganiso zamasiko ziqondisa izenzo, zigcina ukuhleleka, zakha ubunjalo, futhi zisebenza njengezinkundla zokuxoxisana kanye nokungqubuzana. Ezweni elixhumene kakhulu nelinobuningi, ukuqonda izindinganiso zamasiko ngokwezenhlalo kubalulekile ekuqondeni ushintsho, ukuhlonipha umehluko, kanye nokufuna izindlela ezinobulungiswa nezinenjongo zokuhlala ndawonye.
