Isayensi Yezenhlalo Njengesayensi
I-Pendahuluan
I-sociology yisayensi efunda umphakathi, ukusebenzisana komphakathi, kanye nezinqubo ezibopha futhi zihlukanise abantu abahlala ndawonye emphakathini. Ngamanye amazwi, i-sociology ihlose ukuqonda izakhiwo zomphakathi, amaphethini okuziphatha, kanye nezindlela zokusebenza komphakathi. Njengesifundo sezemfundo, i-sociology ithuthuke ngokushesha kusukela yasungulwa ngekhulu le-19 futhi manje iyisayensi ebalulekile yokuqonda ukuguquguquka komphakathi emhlabeni wonke.
Umlando kanye neNtuthuko yeSociology
I-Sociology yavela ekuguqukeni komphakathi nokwengqondo kwekhulu le-19, ikakhulukazi eYurophu. Izici ezifana ne-Industrial Revolution, i-French Revolution, kanye nentuthuko yesayensi yemvelo kwavusa isidingo sesifundo esingase sifunde ngokwesayensi izenzakalo zomphakathi. U-Auguste Comte, isazi sefilosofi saseFrance, ubhekwa njengoyise we-sociology ngenxa yethonya lakhe ekwakheni umqondo we-sociology njengesayensi efunda umphakathi ngokuhlelekile.
Emashumini eminyaka alandela, abantu abanjengo-Émile Durkheim, uMax Weber, noKarl Marx baba negalelo elikhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwemibono yezenhlalo. UDurkheim wagcizelela ukubaluleka kwezakhiwo zomphakathi kanye nezikhungo empilweni yomuntu, uWeber wethula umqondo wokuqonda kanye nokubaluleka kokuqonda isenzo sezenhlalo ngokombono womuntu ngamunye, kuyilapho uMarx egxile ezingxabanweni zekilasi kanye nezinto ezibonakalayo zomlando.
Indlela Yokusebenza Kwezenhlalo
Njengesayensi, isayensi yezenhlalo inendlela yesayensi, evumela izazi zezenhlalo ukuthi zenze ucwaningo oluhlelekile nolunokuhlolwa. Izindlela zezenhlalo zingahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko: ikhwalithi kanye nenani.
Izindlela zokulinganisa ekwezenhlalo zigcizelela ukuqoqwa nokuhlaziywa kwedatha yezinombolo. Lezi zindlela zivame ukuhilela izinhlolovo, izivivinyo, kanye nokuhlaziywa kwezibalo. Umgomo ukukhiqiza ukuhlanganiswa okuthembekile mayelana namaphethini ezenhlalo kanye nobudlelwano phakathi kwezinguquko zomphakathi.
Ngokuphambene nalokho, indlela yokuhlaziya igxile ekuqondeni okujulile kwezimo zomphakathi. Izindlela ezikule ndlela zifaka phakathi izingxoxo ezijulile, ukubheka abahlanganyeli, kanye nokuhlaziywa kwemibhalo. Ngendlela yokuhlaziya, izazi zezenhlalo zingathola ukuqonda ngezincazelo ezizimele kanye nezincazelo ezincane zokuxhumana nabantu okungenzeka zingabanjwa ngedatha yokuhlaziya.
Imibono Yezenhlalo
Isayensi yezenhlalo icebile ngemibono ehlukahlukene esiza ukuchaza izenzakalo zomphakathi. Imibono eyinhloko kusayensi yezenhlalo ihlanganisa:
1. Ukusebenza:
Ukusebenza kahle, okwathuthukiswa nguDurkheim futhi kwaqhutshwa nguTalcott Parsons, kubheka umphakathi njengohlelo olwakhiwe izingxenye ezihlobene. Ingxenye ngayinye inomsebenzi wayo ofaka isandla ekuqhubekeni nasekuzinzeni kohlelo lonke. Isibonelo, isikhungo somndeni sisebenza ekuxhumaneni nasekukhuliseni amalungu aso, kuyilapho uhlelo lwemfundo lusebenza ekudlulisweni kwamakhono nolwazi.
2. Ithiyori Yokungqubuzana:
Ithiyori yezingxabano, ethonywe ukucabanga kukaMarx, igcizelela ukungalingani, amandla, kanye nomzabalazo phakathi kwamaqembu emphakathini. Izwe lezenhlalo libhekwa njengendawo yokulwa lapho abantu ngabanye namaqembu bencintisana khona ngezinsiza ezingavamile. Izingxabano zezigaba, ubuzwe, kanye nobulili ziyizibonelo zokungezwani komphakathi okuhlolwe ngale ndlela.
3. Ukusebenzisana Okungokomfanekiso:
Ukusebenzisana okungokomfanekiso, okwaqalwa nguGeorge Herbert Mead noHerbert Blumer, kugcizelela ukubaluleka kwencazelo nezimpawu ekusebenzisaneni komphakathi. Lo mbono ugxile endleleni abantu abakha ngayo ubuwena babo kanye nezifiso zabo ngokusebenzisana nabanye. Iqiniso lomphakathi liqondwa njengento eyakhiwe ndawonye ngokushintshana kwezimpawu nezincazelo.
4. Umbono Wobufeministi:
Ithiyori yabesifazane kwezenhlalo iqokomisa ukungalingani ngokobulili futhi ihlose ukwembula izakhiwo zomphakathi ezicindezela abesifazane. Le ndlela ayihloli nje kuphela ukungalingani kwezomnotho, kwezepolitiki, namasiko phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane, kodwa futhi ibhekana nezinkinga ezifana nobudlova obusekelwe ngokobulili kanye nokumelwa ngokobulili kwabezindaba.
Ukusetshenziswa kweSociology Empilweni Yangempela
I-sociology ibaluleke kakhulu empilweni yansuku zonke futhi ingasetshenziswa emikhakheni eyahlukene. Isibonelo, kunqubomgomo yomphakathi, i-sociology ingasiza ekudaleni izinqubomgomo ezilinganayo nezisebenzayo ngokuqonda ukuguquguquka kwezenhlalo nezidingo zomphakathi. Emfundweni, ukuqonda izizinda zenhlalo zabafundi kungasiza othisha nabafundisi ukuthi bakhe izindlela zokufunda ezibandakanya wonke umuntu.
Ezweni lebhizinisi, isayensi yezenhlalo inganikeza ukuqonda ngokuziphatha kwabathengi kanye nemikhuba yemakethe, okubalulekile emasu okumaketha kanye nokuthuthukiswa komkhiqizo. Emkhakheni wezempilo, isayensi yezenhlalo ingasiza ekuboneni izici zomphakathi ezithonya impilo yomuntu ngamunye kanye nenhlalakahle, njengendawo yomphakathi, isimo sezomnotho, kanye nezinqubomgomo zezempilo.
Isiphetho
Njengesayensi, isayensi yezenhlalo idlala indima ebalulekile ekuqondeni nasekuhlaziyeni izimo zomphakathi. Ngendlela yayo yesayensi kanye nemibono ecebile, isayensi yezenhlalo inikeza ukuqonda okujulile ngesakhiwo, amandla, kanye nokusebenzisana emphakathini. Ukuthuthukiswa kwesayensi yezenhlalo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kubonisa imizamo yabantu yokuziqonda bona kanye nomhlaba wezenhlalo obazungezile.
Ngokusetshenziswa kwayo ezindaweni ezahlukene zokuphila, isayensi yezenhlalo inamandla amakhulu okufaka isandla esikhulu ekudaleni umphakathi onobulungiswa, ohlanganisa wonke umuntu, novumelanayo. Enkathini yokuhwebelana komhlaba kanye noshintsho olusheshayo kwezenhlalo, indima yesayensi yezenhlalo iya ngokuya ibaluleke kakhulu ekusisizeni sibhekane nezinkinga zezwe lanamuhla.
