I-Gentrification Phenomenon ku-Urban Sociology
Ukwakhiwa kabusha kwezindawo zokuhlala kuyinto ebalulekile emphakathini wasemadolobheni evame ukubangela impikiswano emadolobheni ahlukahlukene emhlabeni jikelele, okuhlanganisa ne-Indonesia. Leli gama libhekisela enkambisweni yokuguqulwa kwendawo yasemadolobheni—ngokuvamile indawo endala noma indawo yokuhlala enomholo ophansi—ebe ihlangabezana nenani elikhulu lezomnotho, ukuthuthukiswa okungokwenyama kwemvelo, kanye nokuthutheleka kwezakhamuzi ezivela ezigabeni eziphakeme zezomnotho. Imiphumela ingabonakala "imihle" ebusweni, njengezindawo ezinakekelwa kangcono nezindawo ezithuthukisiwe. Kodwa-ke, ngaphansi kobuso, ukwakhiwa kabusha kwezindawo zokuhlala ngokuvamile kuholela ezinkingeni ezinkulu njengokufuduka okungaqondile, ukungalingani kwezenhlalo, kanye nokulahlekelwa ubuwena bendawo.
Incazelo kanye nomsuka womqondo
Umqondo wokwakhiwa kabusha waqala ukuthandwa yisazi sezenhlalo uRuth Glass ngo-1964, ebona ukuguqulwa kwezindawo zaseLondon ezisebenza kahle zibe izindawo zokuhlala eziphakathi nendawo. Waphawula ukuthi lezi zinguquko zazingathathi hlangothi: zazihilela ukushintsha kwesakhiwo sekilasi, amaphethini okusetshenziswa, kanye nokufinyelela endaweni yasemadolobheni. Ngokombono wezenhlalo wasemadolobheni, ukwakhiwa kabusha akuqondwa nje njengokulungiswa kwezakhiwo noma "ukucwebezela" kobuhle bedolobha, kodwa njengenqubo yezenhlalo, yezomnotho, neyezepolitiki ehlobene eduze nobudlelwano bamandla ekuphathweni kwendawo.
Kalula nje, ukwakhiwa kabusha kwezindlu kwenzeka lapho indawo eyayibhekwa “njengengakhangi kangako” iba yindawo okutshalwa kuyo imali, kungaba ngabathuthukisi, uhulumeni, noma abantu ngabanye. Njengoba ukutshalwa kwezimali kukhuphuka, amanani omhlaba kanye nentela kukhuphuka, futhi izakhamuzi ezikhona ezingakwazi ukubhekana nezindleko zokuphila ezikhuphukayo ziphoqeleka ukuba zithuthe. Ngamanye amazwi, ukwakhiwa kabusha kwezindlu kuphawula ushintsho ekwakhiweni komphakathi kwabantu oluhambisana nezinguquko emsebenzini wendawo.
Izici Ezibangela Ukwanda Kwesimo
Kunezici eziningana eziyinhloko ezibangela ukuvela kokwanda kwezindawo zokuhlala ezindaweni zasemadolobheni.
Okokuqala, ukuguquguquka komnotho kanye nemakethe yezindlu. Amadolobha, njengezikhungo zokukhula komnotho, aheha utshalomali olukhulu emkhakheni wezindlu. Njengoba izindawo zasemadolobheni zibiza kakhulu, abatshalizimali bafuna izindawo "ezingaba khona" ezisathengeka kodwa ezinikeza ukufinyelela okunesu. Ukuvuselelwa, ukwakhiwa kwama-cafe, amafulethi, ngisho nezindawo zokudala ngokuvamile kuyizimpawu zokuqala zoshintsho.
Okwesibili, izinqubomgomo zikahulumeni kanye nokuhlela amadolobha. Izinhlelo zokuvuselela, ukuthuthukiswa kwezindawo zezivakashi, noma ukuthuthukiswa kwezokuthutha ngobuningi kuvame ukwandisa ukukhanga kwezindawo ezithile. Nakuba umgomo kungaba ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yedolobha, izinqubomgomo ezinjalo zingakhuthaza ukuqagela komhlaba. Lapho amanani endawo ekhuphuka, izakhamuzi ezinemali engenayo ephansi zishiywa zisengozini.
Okwesithathu, ukushintsha kwendlela yokuphila kanye nezintandokazi zesigaba esiphakathi. Emadolobheni amaningi, isigaba esiphakathi—kufaka phakathi ochwepheshe abasebasha—sifuna izindawo ezinempilo, eziseduze nesikhungo somsebenzi, futhi sinikeze ulwazi oluthile lwasemadolobheni. Bavame ukukhangwa yizindawo zomlando, izindawo eziseduze nesikhungo sedolobha, noma izindawo ezinobunjalo obuqinile bamasiko. Lezi zintandokazi zikhuthaze ukuvela kwamabhizinisi ahlose ukuthandwa kwesigaba esiphakathi, njengezitolo zekhofi, izindawo zokusebenza ngokubambisana, kanye nezitolo ezinkulu, ekugcineni kwashintsha isimo sezomnotho sendawo.
Okwesine, indima yamasiko kanye nemboni yokudala. Amacala amaningi abonisa ukuthi abaculi kanye nemiphakathi yokudala "bangamaphayona" adala amathuba okutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu. Bakhetha izindawo eziqashiswa kancane bese benza imisebenzi yobuciko eyenza indawo ithandwe. Njengoba indawo ithola ukuthandwa, abatshalizimali bayangena, okungenzeka basuse umphakathi wokudala ngokwawo njengoba intela ikhuphuka.
Izigaba kanye nezinkomba zokuthuthukiswa kwe-Gentrification
Ukwakhiwa kabusha kwezindlu akuvamile ukwenzeka ngokuzumayo. Kuyinqubo eyenzeka kancane kancane engabonakala ngezinkomba eziningana. Okokuqala, kunezinguquko ezibonakalayo, njengokulungiswa kwezindlu, ukuthuthukiswa kwezindawo zokuhlala ezintsha, noma ukuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda okuphawulekayo. Okwesibili, kunezinguquko zomnotho ezingeni lendawo, njengokwenyuka kwentela, ukuvela kwamabhizinisi amasha, asezingeni eliphezulu, kanye nokushintsha emisebenzini engakahleleki kuya emkhakheni wezinsizakalo zanamuhla. Okwesithathu, kunezinguquko zenhlalo-zabantu: izakhamuzi ezintsha zivame ukuba zifundile kakhulu futhi zithola imali engenayo ephezulu kunezakhamuzi ezikhona. Okwesine, kunezinguquko ezingokomfanekiso-zamasiko, okungukuthi izinguquko esithombeni sendawo ngokubizwa ngokuthi "indawo yokudala," "idolobhana lezokuvakasha," noma "isifunda sefa," esivame ukungabonisi ngokugcwele izintshisekelo zezakhamuzi ezikhona.
Umthelela Wokuthuthukiswa Komhlaba: Phakathi Kokuthuthukiswa Nokufuduka
Izingxoxo mayelana nemiphumela yokwakhiwa kabusha kwezindlu zihlala zihlukaniswe phakathi kwezinhlangothi ezimbili. Ngokombono owodwa, ukwakhiwa kabusha kwezindlu kungathuthukisa ikhwalithi yendawo ebonakalayo. Izindawo zasemakhaya ezazikade zingahleleka kakhulu, ezokuphepha ziyathuthuka, futhi izikhungo zomphakathi ziyandiswa. Ohulumeni bangathola futhi intela yendawo eyengeziwe ngokukhuphuka kwamanani empahla kanye nomsebenzi wezomnotho.
Kodwa-ke, imiphumela emibi ivame ukuba yinkimbinkimbi futhi ijule kakhulu. Umthelela owaziwa kakhulu ukufuduka. Ukufuduka akuhlali kwenzeka ngendlela yokuxoshwa ngqo nguhulumeni; kuvame ukwenzeka ngokungaqondile ngokukhushulwa kwerenti, intela yempahla, izinguquko zokusetshenziswa komhlaba, noma ukulahlekelwa yimisebenzi engakahleleki. Imindeni eminingi iphoqeleka ukuthuthela ezindaweni ezishibhile, kude nokufinyelela imisebenzi, imfundo kanye nokunakekelwa kwempilo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwakhiwa kwezindawo zokuhlala kungaholela ebuthakathakeni bezinkundla zokuxhumana zasendaweni. Ezindaweni eziningi, izakhamuzi zinezibopho eziqinile zokuxhumana—ukwabelana ngolwazi lomsebenzi, ukwesekwa okuphuthumayo, kanye nemisebenzi yomphakathi. Lapho ukwakheka kwabantu kushintsha, lawa manethiwekhi ayahlukana. Ubunikazi bamasiko endawo busengozini "yokuthengiswa": isiko lendawo liba yindawo yokuheha izivakashi noma ithuluzi lokufaka uphawu, kuyilapho izakhamuzi zendawo zingaseyona into eyinhloko, kodwa zimane ziyisizinda.
Ukwakhiwa kwezindawo zokuhlala kwabantu kuphinde kube nomthelela ekungalinganini kwezindawo zasemadolobheni. Amadolobha aya ngokuya ehlukaniswa—abacebile bagxile ezindaweni ezibaluleke kakhulu ezinezinsiza eziphelele, kuyilapho abampofu besunduzelwa emaphethelweni ngokufinyelela okulinganiselwe kwezinsizakalo. Ku-sociology yasemadolobheni, lesi simo sibonisa ukuthi isikhala sasemadolobheni akuyona nje indawo yokuhlala, kodwa inkundla yokuncintisana ngezinsizakusebenza.
Ukwakhiwa kabusha kanye nobudlelwano bamandla edolobheni
Ngokombono wezenhlalo, ukwakhiwa kwezindlu kuhlobene kakhulu nobudlelwano bamandla. Ubani onamalungelo edolobheni? Ubani onquma indlela yokuthuthukiswa? Ezimweni eziningi, abathuthukisi, abanikazi bezindlu ezinkulu, kanye nohulumeni banendawo yokuxoxisana enamandla kunabahlali. Izinqumo zokwabiwa kwezindawo, izimvume zokwakha, kanye nezinqubomgomo zomhlaba ngokuvamile azicaci emphakathini. Ngenxa yalokho, isikhala sasemadolobheni sakhiwe ngokwengqondo yokuqongelela imali, hhayi izidingo zomphakathi kuphela.
Umqondo "welungelo lomuzi," owasakazwa nguHenri Lefebvre, ubalulekile lapha. Ugcizelele ukuthi izakhamuzi kufanele zibe nelungelo lokubamba iqhaza ekunqumeni ukusetshenziswa kwendawo yasemadolobheni kanye nokuzuza ekuthuthukisweni. Ukwakhiwa kabusha, okwenzeka ngaphandle kokuvikelwa komphakathi, kudala ukungalingani kula malungelo: abanye abantu bayazuza, kanti abanye balahlekelwa amakhaya abo.
Izibonelo ze-Gentrification Dynamics e-Indonesia
E-Indonesia, ukwakhiwa kabusha kwezindawo zasemadolobheni kungabonakala ngezindlela ezahlukene, nakuba ngokuvamile kungabhekiselwa kukho ngokusobala. Isibonelo, ukuthuthukiswa kabusha kwezindawo zasemadolobheni, ukuvuselelwa kwezindawo zamagugu, ukwakhiwa kwamafulethi ezindaweni ezibaluleke kakhulu, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezindawo zokuvakasha zasemadolobheni. Izindawo ezazibuswa yizindlu ezincane zingaguquka zibe izindawo zezentengiselwano ezinezintela eziphezulu. Lesi simo sihlobene nokuthuthukiswa kwezokuthutha ngobuningi, okwandisa amanani omhlaba eziteshini noma emigwaqweni emikhulu.
Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi umongo wase-Indonesia uhlukile: ukuba khona komkhakha omkhulu ongakahleleki, izimo ezahlukene zobunikazi bomhlaba (kufaka phakathi umhlaba ophikisanayo noma ongaqinisekisiwe), kanye nomkhuba wokususwa kwabantu okwenzeka ngezinye izikhathi ngesikhathi sephrojekthi yengqalasizinda kanye nokuhlela amadolobha. Ngakho-ke, ukwakhiwa kabusha kwezindlu e-Indonesia kuvame ukuhlangana nezinkinga zomthetho wezindlu, ukufinyelela isinxephezelo, kanye nokuvikelwa okubuthakathaka kwamaqembu asengozini.
Amasu Okubhekana Nokuthuthukiswa Kwabantu Abavamile
Ukubhekana nokwakhiwa kwezindlu ezincane akusho ukwenqaba intuthuko, kodwa kunalokho ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ilingana. Amanye amasu okuxoxwa ngawo njalo afaka: ukuhlinzeka ngezindlu ezingabizi ezindaweni eziqondile, ukulawula intela yokuqasha ukuvimbela ukwenyuka okukhulu kwentengo, ukuvikela amabhizinisi amancane nabathengisi bendawo, kanye nokuhlela okubandakanya izakhamuzi kusukela ekuqaleni. Ohulumeni bangafaka izinqubomgomo zokwabiwa kwezindawo ezibandakanya wonke umuntu ezidinga abathuthukisi ukuthi banikeze ingxenye yezindlu kumaqembu anemali engenayo ephansi.
Ezingeni lomphakathi, ukuqinisa izinhlangano zezakhamuzi kubalulekile ekwandiseni amandla okuxoxisana ezingxoxweni zenqubomgomo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukucaca kwedatha nolwazi mayelana namaphrojekthi entuthuko kungasiza imiphakathi ukuqonda izingozi kusenesikhathi. Ngale ndlela, amadolobha angakhula ngaphandle kokudela amaqembu asengozini kakhulu.
I-Penutup
Isenzakalo sokuthuthukiswa kwezenhlalo kubantu basemadolobheni sibonisa ukuthi ushintsho emadolobheni aluyona nje indaba yobuhle noma ukuvuselelwa, kodwa futhi mayelana nokuthi ubani ozuzayo nokuthi ubani okhishwa inyumbazane. Ukuthuthukiswa kwezenhlalo kungaletha ukuthuthuka kwemvelo nokukhula komnotho, kodwa kuvame ukuletha imiphumela yomphakathi njengokufuduka okuncane, ukungalingani, kanye nokulahlekelwa ubuwena bendawo. Ngakho-ke, izindlela zomphakathi zigcizelela ukubaluleka kokubuka amadolobha njengezindawo zomphakathi eziphikiswana ngazo futhi zikhuthaza izinqubomgomo zentuthuko ezibandakanya wonke umuntu, ezibamba iqhaza, nezinobulungiswa emphakathini. Ngale ndlela, amadolobha awabi nje kuphela izindawo zokutshala imali kodwa futhi aba amakhaya afanele wonke amazinga omphakathi.
