Imiqondo Eyisisekelo Kwezenhlalo
I-Sociology isifundo esihlelekile somphakathi wabantu, ukuziphatha komphakathi, amaphethini obudlelwano bomphakathi, ukusebenzisana komphakathi, kanye namasiko. Yaqala ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, i-sociology iye yathuthuka ukuze inikeze ukuqonda okujulile ngendlela abantu abahlala ngayo ndawonye, abaxhumana ngayo, futhi abathonyana ngayo ngaphakathi kohlaka lwezindinganiso zomphakathi kanye nezikhungo. Lesi sihloko sethula eminye yemibono eyisisekelo ku-sociology ebalulekile ekuqondeni lo mkhakha othakazelisayo.
1. Umphakathi kanye nesakhiwo senhlalo
Umphakathi
Enhliziyweni yayo, umphakathi yiqembu labantu ababelana ngamasiko afanayo futhi abahlala endaweni ethile. Izazi zezenhlalo zihlola indlela amalungu omphakathi asebenzisana ngayo, indlela izikhungo zomphakathi ezihlelwe ngayo, kanye nendlela izimiso zamasiko kanye nezindinganiso ezibumba ngayo ukuziphatha kwabantu. Imiphakathi ingahluka kusukela emaqenjini amancane, njengemindeni nemiphakathi, kuya ezinhlanganweni ezinkulu, njengezizwe nezinhlangano zomhlaba wonke.
Isakhiwo Somphakathi
Isakhiwo senhlalo sibhekisela ephethini ehlelekile yobudlelwano bezenhlalo kanye nezikhungo zenhlalo ezakha umphakathi ndawonye. Sihlanganisa izingxenye ezahlukene ezifana nezikhungo zenhlalo, amaqembu ezenhlalo, izimo, izindima, kanye nezindinganiso. Ingxenye ngayinye idlala indima ehlukile ekugcineni ukuzinza nokuqhubeka komphakathi. Isibonelo, umndeni, imfundo, uhulumeni, kanye nezikhungo zenkolo ziyasiza enkambisweni yokuhlalisana, zifundisa izindinganiso kanye nezindinganiso kubantu ngabanye.
2. Isiko
Isiko Lezinto Ezibonakalayo Nezingezona Izinto Ezibonakalayo
Isiko lakhiwe yizinkolelo, ukuziphatha, izinto, nezinye izici ezabelwana ngamalungu omphakathi. Isiko lingahlukaniswa libe yizici zezinto ezibonakalayo nezingezona izinto ezibonakalayo. Isiko lezinto ezibonakalayo lihlanganisa izinto ezibonakalayo, izinsizakusebenza, kanye nezikhala abantu abazisebenzisayo ukuchaza isiko labo, njengezakhiwo, ubuciko, amathuluzi, kanye nobuchwepheshe. Isiko elingezona izinto ezibonakalayo lihlanganisa izici ezingabonakali njengezinkolelo, izindinganiso, izindinganiso, ulimi, kanye namasiko. Zombili izinhlobo zesiko zidlala indima ebalulekile ekwakheni impilo yomphakathi.
Izindinganiso Nezindinganiso
Izimiso ziyimithetho kanye nokulindela umphakathi oqondisa ngakho ukuziphatha kwamalungu awo. Izimiso zingaba semthethweni, njengemithetho, noma zingaba ezingekho emthethweni, njengamasiko noma ukuziphatha okuhle emphakathini. Izimiso ziyizimiso noma amazinga agcinwe ngokujulile abantu abawasebenzisayo ukwenza izahlulelo mayelana nokuthi yini enhle noma embi, ebalulekile noma engabalulekile, enokuziphatha okuhle noma engafanele. Isibonelo, izimiso ezifana nenkululeko, ukulingana, kanye nentando yeningi ziyisisekelo semiphakathi eminingi yaseNtshonalanga.
3. Ukuhlalisana kwabantu
Ukuxhumana nabantu kuyinqubo abantu abafunda ngayo futhi bafake izindinganiso, izinkolelo, kanye nezindinganiso zomphakathi wabo, futhi bathuthukisa ngayo umuzwa wabo wokuzibona. Le nqubo yokuphila iqala esemncane kakhulu futhi iyaqhubeka nokubumba abantu njengoba bexhumana nabantu abahlukahlukene abasebenzelana nabantu njengomndeni, izikole, amaqembu ontanga, kanye nabezindaba. Ngokuxhumana nabantu, abantu baba amalungu asebenzayo omphakathi wabo, agxile emasikweni awo ngenkathi nabo befaka isandla ekuthuthukisweni kwawo.
4. Izikhungo Zomphakathi
Izikhungo zomphakathi ziyiqoqo eliyinkimbinkimbi, elihlanganisiwe lezimiso zomphakathi ezihlelwe ngokulondolozwa kwenani eliyisisekelo lomphakathi. Izikhungo zomphakathi ezibalulekile zifaka phakathi umndeni, imfundo, inkolo, ezombusazwe kanye nomnotho. Lezi zikhungo zakha ukuziphatha kwabantu ngokusungula izimiso nokulawula izenzo zomphakathi.
Family
Umndeni uvame ukubhekwa njenge-ejenti eyinhloko yokuhlalisana kwabantu. Awugcini nje ngokuhlinzeka abantu ngokunakekelwa okudingekayo kanye nezinsiza kodwa futhi ubumba izindinganiso nezinkolelo zabo zakuqala.
Imfundo
Izikhungo zemfundo zinesibopho sokudlulisela ulwazi, amakhono, izindinganiso, kanye nokuziphatha okubhekwa njengokubalulekile ekusebenzeni komphakathi. Izikole namayunivesithi adlala indima ebalulekile ekuxhumaneni nabantu, ekwakheni ubuwena, kanye nokubekwa emphakathini.
Inkolo
Inkolo inganikeza umqondo wencazelo nenjongo futhi ingalawula ukuziphatha kokuziphatha okuhle nokuhle. Ivame ukusebenza njengesikhungo senhlalo esihlanganisa abantu ndawonye ngezinkolelo nemikhuba efanayo.
Ezombusazwe
Izikhungo zezombusazwe zinquma ukusatshalaliswa kwamandla negunya emphakathini. Zisungula imithetho nezinqubomgomo ezilawula ukuziphatha komphakathi futhi zigcine ukuhleleka komphakathi.
Umnotho
Isikhungo sezomnotho sibhekana nokukhiqizwa, ukusatshalaliswa, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezimpahla nezinsizakalo. Sithonya izakhiwo zomphakathi futhi sithinta zonke ezinye izikhungo zomphakathi.
5. Amaqembu Nezinhlangano Zomphakathi
Amaqembu Ayinhloko Nawesibili
Amaqembu ayinhloko mancane, asondelene, futhi anokuxhumana okuseduze ubuso nobuso. Izibonelo zifaka phakathi imindeni nabangane abaseduze. La maqembu abalulekile ekusekelweni ngokomzwelo nasekuhlanganeni nabantu. Amaqembu esibili makhulu futhi awabonisi ubuntu. Avame ukwakheka ngezintshisekelo noma imisebenzi efanayo, njengezinhlangano zobungcweti noma amakilabhu. Ukuxhumana emaqenjini esibili kuvame ukuba nomgomo kakhulu futhi kungabi ngokomuntu siqu.
Amanethiwekhi omphakathi
Inethiwekhi yokuxhumana nabantu yakhiwa abantu ngabanye noma izinhlangano ezixhunywe uhlobo olulodwa noma ngaphezulu lokuncika, njengobungane, ubudlelwano, izintshisekelo ezifanayo, noma ukushintshana ngezimali. Amanethiwekhi okuxhumana nabantu adlala indima ebalulekile ekusakazweni kolwazi nemibono, ethonya ukuziphatha komphakathi kanye nezinguquko zomphakathi.
6. Ukuhlukaniswa Kwezenhlalo Nokungalingani
I-Social Stratification
Ukuhlukaniswa ngokwezigaba zomphakathi kuyindlela yokuhlelwa ngokwezigaba kwabantu noma amaqembu emphakathini ngokusekelwe ezintweni ezahlukahlukene ezifana nengcebo, amandla, udumo, noma imfundo. Lokhu kuhlelwa kwezigaba kuholela ekungalinganini kwezenhlalo, okuthinta amathuba okuphila kwabantu namathuba.
Isigaba kanye Nesimo
Isigaba sibhekisela eqenjini labantu abanezikhundla ezifanayo kwezomnotho nakwezenhlalo. Izazi zezenhlalo zivame ukuhlaziya isigaba njengento enquma ukukhetha kwabantu ekuphileni kanye nokuhamba kwabo emphakathini. Isimo sihilela udumo noma isithunzi esinikezwa iqembu elithile ngamanye amalungu omphakathi. Abantu noma amaqembu anesikhundla esiphakeme bavame ukunikezwa amalungelo namathuba engeziwe uma kuqhathaniswa nalabo abanesikhundla esiphansi.
Ubulili, Uhlanga, kanye Nobuzwe
Izazi zezenhlalo zihlola nokuthi ubulili, uhlanga, kanye nobuzwe bufaka isandla kanjani ekwahlukanisweni kwezenhlalo. Lezi zigaba zomphakathi zivame ukuhlangana futhi zihlangane ukuze zithonye okuhlangenwe nakho kwabantu kokucindezelwa, amalungelo, kanye nethuba.
7. Ukuphambuka Nokulawula Komphakathi
Ukuchezuka
Ukuphambuka kubhekisela ekuziphatheni noma ezenzweni eziphula izindinganiso zomphakathi. Lokho okubhekwa njengokuphambuka kuyahlukahluka kusuka komunye umphakathi kuya komunye futhi kungashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Izazi zezenhlalo zihlola ukuphambuka ukuze ziqonde uhlobo oluhlobene lwezindinganiso, inqubo yokucwaswa, kanye nezimpendulo zomphakathi ekuziphatheni okungavamile.
Ukulawulwa Komphakathi
Ukulawula umphakathi kubhekisela ezindleleni ezahlukene ezisetshenziswa umphakathi ukulawula ukuziphatha kwabantu nokuqinisekisa ukuhambisana nezindinganiso. Izindlela zokulawula umphakathi zingaba ezisemthethweni, njengemithetho nemigomo, noma ezingahlelekile, njengezinqubo zokuxhumana nabantu kanye nethonya lombono womphakathi.
Isiphetho
Ukuqonda le mibono eyisisekelo kwezenhlalo kunikeza isisekelo sokuhlola isimo esiyinkimbinkimbi nesibanzi semiphakathi yabantu. Ngokuhlola indlela abantu ngabanye namaqembu abasebenzisana ngayo, indlela imiphakathi ehlelwe ngayo, kanye nendlela izikhungo zomphakathi ezisebenza ngayo, izenhlalo zisisiza ukuba siqonde ngokujulile amandla akha izimpilo zethu kanye nomhlaba obanzi.
Ngokuhlola isayensi yezenhlalo, asigcini nje ngokuthuthukisa ukuqonda kwethu umhlaba wezenhlalo kodwa futhi sizihlomisa ngolwazi oludingekayo ukuze sibe negalelo emphakathini ohlangene, olinganayo, nonobulungiswa. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi sibheka ukusebenzisana kwezinga elincane noma izakhiwo zezinga elikhulu, ukuqonda okuvela kusayensi yezenhlalo kubaluleke kakhulu ekubhekaneni nobunzima bokuphila kwethu kwezenhlalo.
