Umqondo Wobulungiswa Bezenhlalo Emphakathini
Umqondo wobulungiswa bezenhlalo uye waguquka kakhulu emakhulwini eminyaka, waguquka waba uhlaka olunezinhlangothi eziningi noluguquguqukayo olusekela iningi lemicabango yezepolitiki neyezenhlalo yanamuhla. Ubulungiswa bezenhlalo bubhekisela emphakathini olinganayo lapho izinsiza, amathuba, kanye namalungelo kunikezwa khona ngokulinganayo, okuvumela bonke abantu ukuba baphile impilo egculisayo futhi bafinyelele emandleni abo. Emongweni wawo, ubulungiswa bezenhlalo bubhekana nokungalingani okuhlelekile okulimaza amanye amaqembu ngaphezu kwamanye ngokusekelwe ezicini ezifana nohlanga, ubulili, isimo sezenhlalo, nokuningi. Lesi sihloko sihlose ukucacisa umqondo oyinkimbinkimbi wobulungiswa bezenhlalo, isisekelo sefilosofi, kanye nemiphumela kanye nezinselele zawo emphakathini wanamuhla.
Izisekelo Zomlando Nezefilosofi
Izimpande zobulungiswa bezenhlalo zibuyela emuva emasikweni efilosofi nawenkolo. Izazi zefilosofi zasendulo ezifana no-Aristotle noPlato zazibhekene nemibuzo yobulungiswa nokulingana ngaphakathi kwezakhiwo zemiphakathi yazo. Kodwa-ke, igama elithi "ubulungiswa bezenhlalo" ngokwalo lathandwa kakhulu ngekhulu le-19, ikakhulukazi ngemibhalo yabacabangi bamaKatolika abanjengoLuigi Taparelli kanye nesisekelo esibalulekile sesiko lokufundisa ngezenhlalo lamaKatolika. UTaparelli wagcizelela indima yezimiso zokuziphatha ekubhekaneni nokungalingani kwezenhlalo, ebeka isisekelo senkulumo yesikhathi esizayo ngale ndaba.
Ekhulwini lama-20, uJohn Rawls, umuntu obalulekile kwifilosofi yezepolitiki, waqhubeka nokuthuthukisa le nkulumo ngomsebenzi wakhe obalulekile, i-"A Theory of Justice" (1971). URawls wethula umqondo "wobulungiswa njengobulungiswa" ngezimiso ezifana "nesikhundla sokuqala" kanye "nesihenqo sokungazi," ecabanga ukuthi izimiso zobulungiswa yizo wonke umuntu angavumelana nazo ngaphandle kokwazi izikhundla zakhe zomphakathi. Lokhu kuhlola ukucabanga kugxile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi izakhiwo zomphakathi azithandi noma yiliphi iqembu elithile ngokungafanele.
Ubukhulu Bobulungiswa Bezenhlalo
Kunezindlela eziningana ezihlobene nobulungiswa bezenhlalo:
1. Ubulungiswa Bokwaba: Lo mkhakha ubhekene nokwabiwa okufanele kwezinsiza kanye nengcebo emphakathini. Izazi zefilosofi ezifana noRawls noRobert Nozick zixoxe ngamamodeli okusatshalaliswa ngokulinganayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kugxilwe ezimisweni ezisekelwe ekwabelaneni ngokulinganayo, ekuzuzeni, noma ezidingweni. Ubulungiswa bokwaba budinga ukubhekana nokungalingani kwezomnotho, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi wonke umuntu uthola izimpahla ezibalulekile kanye nezinsizakalo ezifana nemfundo, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, kanye nezindlu.
2. Ubulungiswa Benqubo: Ubulungiswa benqubo bubhekisela ekulungeni kwezinqubo eziholela emiphumeleni noma ezinqumweni. Ingxenye ebalulekile yomphakathi onobulungiswa ukuthi wonke amalungu angaphansi kwezinqubo ezifanele ezikhungweni zomthetho, zezepolitiki, kanye nezenhlalo. Ukucaca, ukuzibophezela, kanye nokumelwa okulinganayo kuyizinkomba ezibalulekile zobulungiswa benqubo.
3. Ubulungiswa Bokubuyisela: Ubulungiswa Bokubuyisela buhlose ukulungisa abenzi bobubi ngokubuyisana nezisulu kanye nomphakathi wonkana. Lesi simiso asifuni nje isijeziso kodwa nokuphulukiswa, ukuhlanganisa abenzi bobubi emphakathini kanye nokubhekana nokulimala okubangelwe.
4. Ubulungiswa Bokuziphindiselela: Lesi sici sigcizelela ukubaluleka kokuziphatha kokujezisa ububi ngokulinganayo, okuvame ukusebenza njengesivikelo emacaleni esikhathi esizayo. Nakuba ubulungiswa bokuziphindiselela bugcizelela ukubaluleka kokuziphendulela nokugcina izindinganiso zomphakathi.
5. Amalungelo Ezenhlalo Nezomnotho: Ubulungiswa bezenhlalo bufinyelela ekuqinisekiseni amalungelo ayisisekelo njengelungelo lemfundo, umsebenzi, izimo zokuphila ezanele, kanye nokuhlanganyela empilweni yomphakathi. Lesi sici siyaqaphela ukuthi amalungelo omphakathi nawezepolitiki ewodwa awakwazi ukusekela ubulungiswa ngaphandle kokulingana kwezenhlalo nezomnotho.
Ubulungiswa Bezenhlalo Obusebenzayo
Ukusebenzisa izimiso zobulungiswa bezenhlalo kudinga ukuguqulwa kwesistimu kanye nokwenza izinqubomgomo ezisebenzayo. Izifundazwe zenhlalakahle zanamuhla zandisa imizamo yokufaka ubulungiswa bokusabalalisa ngezinsizakalo zokuphepha kwezenhlalo, intela eqhubekayo, imithetho yomholo omncane, kanye nezinsizakalo zomphakathi. Izinguquko zemfundo zihlose ukulinganisa inkundla yokudlala, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isizinda sezenhlalo nezomnotho asivimbeli ngokungafanele amathuba okuthuthuka komuntu ngamunye.
Izinqubomgomo zesenzo sokuqinisekisa zimelela imizamo yokulungisa ukungabi nabulungisa kwasendulo kanye nokubandlululwa okuqhubekayo ngokusekelwa okuqondiswe kumaqembu ahlukunyezwe emfundweni, emisebenzini, kanye nokumelwa kwezepolitiki. Lezi zinyathelo, nakuba ziphikisana, zivule iminyango yabantu abaningi ababengase bakhishwe ekuhlanganyeleni ngokugcwele ezinzuzweni zomphakathi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlelo zomthetho zifake izici zobulungiswa bokubuyisela kanye nezinqubo ngokusebenzisa amaphoyisa omphakathi, izinhlangano zobulungiswa bokubuyisela, kanye nokumela okukhulu inqubo efanele. Beqaphela ukuxhumana phakathi kobulungiswa bomuntu siqu nobezenhlalo, ama-NGO amaningi kanye nezinhlangano zomphakathi zikhuthaza izinguquko eziphelele, zibhekana nakho konke kusukela ebulungiseni bezemvelo kuya ekulinganeni kwedijithali.
Izinselele Zobulungiswa Bezenhlalo
Naphezu kwale mizamo, ukufeza ubulungiswa beqiniso kwezenhlalo kusalokhu kugcwele izinselele. Ukungalingani kwesakhiwo okugxile ezimweni zomlando, njengobukoloni, ubugqila, kanye nezinhlelo zokubusa kwamadoda, kuyaqhubeka nokukhuthaza ukungakwazi ukusebenza kahle. Ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke, ngenkathi kunikeza amathuba amasha, kuvame ukubhebhethekisa ukungalingani ngaphakathi naphakathi kwezizwe, kudinga ukubusa komhlaba wonke okuhlelekile nokubandakanya wonke umuntu.
Enye inselele ebalulekile isekuhlukaneni kwemibono. Ukungavumelani ngalokho okwakha ubulungiswa kanye nezindlela ezinhle kakhulu zokukufeza kuvimbela izindlela ezihlangene zobulungiswa bezenhlalo. Abagxeki bezinyathelo zobulungiswa bezenhlalo ezibanzi bathi izinqubomgomo ezinjalo zingaphula inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye futhi zidale ukuncika, zikhuthaze izixazululo ezigxile kakhulu emakethe.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kwezinqubomgomo zobulungiswa bezenhlalo kuvame ukubhekana nobunzima obungokoqobo, njengokungasebenzi kahle kwehhovisi likahulumeni, inkohlakalo, kanye nemiphumela engahlosiwe. Njengoba kubonakala ezinhlelweni eziningi zesenzo sokuqinisekisa, ukulinganisa ukulingana kanye nokufaneleka kuba yinkinga ephikisanayo, enezingxoxo mayelana nobubanzi kanye nobude besikhathi sokungenelela okunjalo.
Ukuqhubekela Phambili
Ukubhekana nalezi zinselele kudinga indlela ebanzi nehlanganisayo. Abenzi benqubomgomo, othisha, izishoshovu, kanye nomphakathi wonke kumele bahlanganyele njalo engxoxweni, beqaphela okuhlangenwe nakho okuhlukahlukene nezidingo emiphakathini. Imfundo idlala indima ebalulekile ekukhuliseni ulwazi kanye nokukhuthaza isiko lozwela nobunye.
Amamodeli amasha ebhizinisi lezenhlalo kanye nentuthuko eqhutshwa umphakathi anikeza izindlela ezithembisayo zokukhuthaza ubulungiswa bezenhlalo. Lawa mamodeli agcizelela amandla endawo, ubunikazi bokubambisana, kanye nemikhuba eqhubekayo, evumelanisa imisebenzi yezomnotho nezimiso zokulingana kwezenhlalo.
Ekugcineni, ukuphishekela ubulungiswa bezenhlalo kuwumzamo oqhubekayo noguquguqukayo, obonisa izifiso zesintu zomphakathi olinganayo novumelanayo. Kuphoqa isizukulwane ngasinye ukuthi siphinde sihlole izakhiwo ezikhona, sibhekane nokungabi nabulungisa okukhona, futhi sibone amathuba okuguqula. Ekulweleni ubulungiswa bezenhlalo, umphakathi uqinisekisa ukuzibophezela kwawo esihloniphweni nasemandleni awo wonke umuntu, ukhuthaza umhlaba ohlonipha ubulungiswa njengento efiselekayo nengokoqobo eliphilayo.
