Ukuxhumana Phakathi Kwezenhlalo Ne-Anthropology
Ezweni lesayensi yezenhlalo, isayensi yezenhlalo kanye nesayensi yabantu kuvela njengezifundo ezixhumene ngokujulile, ngayinye inikeza imibono eyingqayizivele kodwa ehambisanayo ngokuziphatha kwabantu, imiphakathi, kanye namasiko. Zombili lezi zinsimu zilwela ukuqonda ubunzima bokuba khona kwabantu, yize zisondela kulo mgomo ngamalensi ahlukene. Ukuhlola ukuxhumana phakathi kwesayensi yezenhlalo kanye nesayensi yabantu kwembula ukufana okukhulu ezindleleni zazo, imigomo, kanye nokuqonda, ekugcineni kunegalelo ekuqondeni okuphelele kokuphila komphakathi kwabantu.
Isizinda Nokuthuthukiswa Komlando
I-sociology kanye ne-anthropology kunezimpande zomlando ezihlukile, kodwa intuthuko yazo iye yahlangana kakhulu. I-sociology, evame ukuchazwa njengocwaningo lomphakathi, yavela ngekhulu le-19 ngenxa yezinguquko zomphakathi ezisheshayo ezibangelwa ukwenziwa kwezimboni kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwesimanje. Abacabangi abanjengo-Auguste Comte, u-Émile Durkheim, uKarl Marx, noMax Weber babehlose ukuqonda ubunzima bokuhleleka komphakathi, ushintsho lomphakathi, kanye nezici ezithonya ukuziphatha kwabantu emiphakathini yanamuhla.
I-Anthropology, ethathwe emagameni esiGreki asho "umuntu" (anthropos) kanye "nesifundo" (logos), yasungulwa njengomkhakha ogxile ekufundeni amasiko ahlukahlukene, ikakhulukazi imiphakathi engeyona eyaseNtshonalanga. Yathuthuka ngesikhathi sokukhula nokuhlola kwamakoloni, lapho izazi zokuqala ze-anthropology ezifana noFranz Boas, uBronisław Malinowski, no-Alfred Radcliffe-Brown begcizelela ukuhlobana kwamasiko kanye nomsebenzi wasensimini we-ethnographic njengento ebalulekile ekuqondeni amasiko abantu.
Naphezu kwezindawo zazo zokuqala ezihlukene, zombili lezi zifundo ziye zavela ngokuboleka imiqondo nezindlela komunye nomunye. Lokhu kuxhumana okuyinkimbinkimbi kubonakala ngezindlela ezahlukene, kusukela emikhubeni yocwaningo ehlanganyelwe kuya ezinhlakeni zethiyori ezihambisanayo.
Okufanayo Ezindleleni Zocwaningo
Ukuxhumana okubalulekile phakathi kwe-sociology kanye ne-anthropology kusezindleleni zabo zocwaningo ezihlanganyelwe. Zombili lezi zifundo zisebenzisa izindlela zokuhlola kanye nezibalo ukuphenya ukuziphatha kwabantu kanye nezenzakalo zomphakathi. Izindlela zokuhlola, njenge-ethnography, ukuqaphela abahlanganyeli, kanye nezingxoxo ezijulile, zivelele ku-anthropology kodwa futhi zisetshenziswa kabanzi ku-sociology ukuqoqa idatha ecebile, ephathelene nokuhlangenwe nakho kwabantu abaphila kukho. Lezi zindlela zivumela abacwaningi ukuthi bahlole imikhuba yamasiko, ukusebenzisana komphakathi, kanye nezincazelo ngokombono womuntu ongaphakathi.
Izindlela zokulinganisa, okuhlanganisa izinhlolovo, izivivinyo, kanye nokuhlaziywa kwezibalo, ziyisisekelo kwezenhlalo yabantu ekuqondeni amaphethini omphakathi abanzi kanye nokuhlola imibono. Izazi ze-anthropology zisebenzisa nezindlela zokulinganisa ukuhlola izici ezifana nezitayela zabantu, izakhiwo zobudlelwano, kanye nezinhlelo zezomnotho. Ukuhlanganisa izindlela zokulinganisa kanye nezibalo kwenza abacwaningi kuzo zombili lezi zinsimu bakwazi ukuqonda ngokuphelele izimo zomphakathi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, zombili lezi zifundo zigcizelela ukubaluleka kocwaningo lokuqhathanisa. Izazi zezenhlalo zivame ukuqhathanisa amaqembu omphakathi ahlukene, izikhungo, noma imiphakathi ukuze zithole amaphethini kanye nokwehluka, kuyilapho izazi ze-anthropology zigxila ekuqhathaniseni amasiko ahlukahlukene ukuze zithole izici zokuphila komuntu eziqondene nomhlaba wonke kanye namasiko. Lo mbono wokuqhathanisa usiza ekucaciseni izimiso eziyisisekelo ezibumba ukuziphatha komuntu kanye nokuhleleka komphakathi.
Izinhlaka Zetiyori kanye Nemiqondo
I-sociology kanye ne-anthropology zabelana ngezinhlaka eziningi zethiyori kanye nemibono egcizelela ukuxhumana kwazo. Ukusebenza kwesakhiwo, ukusebenzisana okungokomfanekiso, ithiyori yokungqubuzana, kanye ne-postmodernism ezinye zezibonelo zethiyori ezisetshenziswa kuzo zombili izinkambu ukuhlaziya izakhiwo zomphakathi, izinqubo, kanye nezincazelo.
Ukusebenza kwesakhiwo, okwasungulwa ngu-Émile Durkheim futhi kwathuthukiswa kakhulu izazi zemvelaphi yabantu ezifana no-AR Radcliffe-Brown, kubhekwa umphakathi njengohlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lwezingxenye ezihlobene ezisebenza ndawonye ukuze kulondolozwe ukuzinza nokuhleleka. Lo mbono usetshenziselwa ukutadisha izikhungo zomphakathi, imikhuba yamasiko, kanye nezindima zazo ekusekeleni ukulingana komphakathi.
Ukusebenzisana okungokomfanekiso, okusekelwe emsebenzini wezazi zezenhlalo ezifana noGeorge Herbert Mead noHerbert Blumer, kugcizelela ukubaluleka kwezimpawu nezincazelo ekusebenzisaneni kwabantu. Izazi ze-anthropology nazo zisebenzisa lo mbono ukuze ziqonde ukuthi izimpawu zamasiko nemikhuba yamasiko zibumba kanjani imibono yabantu kanye nobudlelwano bezenhlalo.
Ithiyori yezingxabano, ephefumulelwe ukugxekwa kukaKarl Marx kwemiphakathi yobungxowankulu, ihlola amandla, ukungalingani, kanye noshintsho kwezenhlalo. Bobabili izazi zezenhlalo kanye nezazi ze-anthropology basebenzisa lolu hlaka ukuhlola isigaba, uhlanga, ubulili, kanye nezinye izinhlobo zokuhlukaniswa kwezenhlalo kanye nezingxabano ezibangelwa yizo emiphakathini.
I-Postmodernism, ephonsela inselelo izindaba ezinkulu futhi emukela ukwehlukahlukana, ukungacaci, kanye nokuhlukana, ithonye zombili lezi zifundo. Izazi zezenhlalo kanye nezazi ze-anthropology zamukela imibono ye-postmodernism ukuze zihlaziye ngokujulile imibono yobunikazi, isiko, kanye namandla emiphakathini yanamuhla.
Izindawo Zokuhlangana Nokubambisana
Izindawo eziningana zocwaningo ziqokomisa ukuhlangana kanye nokubambisana phakathi kwe-sociology kanye ne-anthropology. Izifundo mayelana nokuhlanganiswa komhlaba wonke, ukufuduka, kanye nobuzwe obuhlukahlukene ziyizibonelo ezinhle zezihloko lapho zombili lezi zifundo zihlangana khona ukuze zinikeze ukuhlaziywa okuphelele.
Ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke, okubonakala ngokwanda kokuxhumana kanye nokushintshana ngamasiko, kunemiphumela ejulile emiphakathini emhlabeni jikelele. Izazi zezenhlalo zihlola imiphumela yokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke ezinhlelweni zezomnotho, ukungalingani kwezenhlalo, kanye nokuhlangana kwamasiko, kuyilapho izazi zezenhlalo zihlola ukuthi amasiko endawo avumelana kanjani, amelane kanjani, noma aguquka kanjani ngokuphendula emathonyeni omhlaba. Ucwaningo olubambisene kulo mkhakha luhlinzeka ngokuqonda okuningiliziwe ekusebenzisaneni okuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwamandla omhlaba kanye nawasendaweni akha izimpilo zabantu.
Izifundo zokufuduka nazo ziyazuza olwazini oluhlangene lwezazi zezenhlalo kanye nezazi zemvelaphi yabantu. Izazi zezenhlalo zihlaziya amaphethini okufuduka, izinqubomgomo, kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwabafuduki emiphakathini ebamukelayo, zigcizelela izici zesakhiwo kanye namanethiwekhi omphakathi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izazi zemvelaphi yabantu zigxila kokuhlangenwe nakho kwabafuduki abaphila ngakho, izingxoxo zobunikazi, kanye nokuguqulwa kwamasiko. Ndawonye, le mibono inikeza ukuqonda okuphelele kokufuduka njengento ehlanganisa izici eziningi zomphakathi.
I-Transnationalism, ehlola ukuxhumana nokugeleza kwabantu, izimpahla, imibono, kanye nemali eningi ngaphesheya kwemingcele kazwelonke, iqhubeka nokubonisa isimo semikhakha ehlukahlukene ye-sociology kanye ne-anthropology. Abacwaningi kuzo zombili lezi zindawo bahlola ukuthi imikhuba ye-transnational ibumba kanjani ubunikazi, imiphakathi, kanye nezikhungo zomphakathi, okuhlinzeka ngombono ohlangene kakhulu wempilo yezenhlalo yanamuhla.
Isiphetho
Ukuxhumana phakathi kwe-sociology kanye ne-anthropology kubonakala emigomweni yabo efanayo, izindlela, kanye nezinhlaka zethiyori. Zombili lezi zifundo zilwela ukuxazulula ubunzima bokuziphatha kwabantu, izakhiwo zomphakathi, kanye nezincazelo zamasiko, zivame ukubambisana futhi zibolekane ukuze zithuthukise ukuhlaziya kwazo. Ngokuqaphela nokwamukela ukuxhumana kwazo, izazi zezenhlalo kanye ne-anthropology zingaqhubeka nokufaka isandla ekuqondeni okubalulekile ngesimo esihlukahlukene nesishintsha njalo semiphakathi yabantu. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngocwaningo oluqhathanisayo, ukubambisana kwezifundo ezahlukene, noma ukuhlanganiswa kwezindlela zekhwalithi kanye nezibalo, ukusebenzisana phakathi kwe-sociology kanye ne-anthropology kukhuthaza ukuqonda okujulile nokunemininingwane eminingi kwezwe lezenhlalo.
