Ubudlelwano Phakathi Kwezenhlalo Nefilosofi
I-sociology kanye nefilosofi kuyimikhakha emibili yezemfundo ehlanganisa izindlela ezihlukene kanye nezindawo zokucwaninga, kodwa babelana ngobudlelwano obukhulu nobucebisayo ngokwengqondo. Lokhu kuxhumana okuhlobene kusekelwe ekukhathazekeni kwabo ngokuqonda isimo somuntu, izakhiwo zomphakathi, kanye nezilinganiso zokuziphatha nezokuziphatha zokuphila komuntu. Ngenkathi i-sociology igxile ocwaningweni olusekelwe ebufakazini kanye ne-social dynamics, ifilosofi iphathelene nokuhlaziywa komqondo kanye nemibuzo ejwayelekile. Lesi sihloko sigxila ebuhlotsheni obuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwe-sociology kanye nefilosofi, siqokomisa indlela le mikhakha emibili ehlangana ngayo, ithintana ngayo, futhi inikela ekuqondeni okujulile komphakathi kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho komuntu.
Isayensi Yezenhlalo: Isayensi Yomphakathi
I-sociology, evame ukuchazwa njengesayensi yomphakathi, yavela njengomkhakha wezemfundo ohlukile ngekhulu le-19, ithonywe kakhulu imisebenzi ka-Auguste Comte, u-Emile Durkheim, uKarl Marx, noMax Weber. Inhloso eyinhloko ye-sociology ukuhlola nokuqonda izenzakalo zomphakathi ezakha ukuziphatha kwabantu, izikhungo, kanye nokusebenzisana. Izazi zezenhlalo zisebenzisa amathuluzi ahlukahlukene ezindlela, okuhlanganisa izinhlolovo zobuningi, izingxoxo zekhwalithi, kanye nezifundo ze-ethnographic, ukuqoqa idatha yobufakazi mayelana nezakhiwo nezinqubo zomphakathi.
Ububanzi besayensi yezenhlalo bukhulu, buhlanganisa izihloko ezifana nokuguquguquka komndeni, imfundo, inkolo, ubugebengu, kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwezenhlalo. Izazi zezenhlalo zifuna ukuthola amaphethini, ukuhlobana, kanye nobudlelwano bezimbangela emphakathini, ngokuvamile zijabulela ukuhlukahluka kokuhlangenwe nakho komphakathi kanye nobunzima bokuxhumana komphakathi. Ngocwaningo olusekelwe ebufakazini, isayensi yezenhlalo ihlose ukunikeza ukuqonda okuhlelekile nokusekelwa ebufakazini kokuthi imiphakathi isebenza futhi iguquke kanjani ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Ifilosofi: Ukufuna Ukuhlakanipha
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ifilosofi iyisifundo sezemfundo esidala kunazo zonke futhi ibonakala ngokufuna kwayo ukuhlakanipha, iqiniso, nolwazi oluyisisekelo. Ifilosofi, eyaqala eGrisi lasendulo, ikhuluma ngabacabangi abanjengoSocrates, uPlato, no-Aristotle, ikhuluma ngokuba khona, ulwazi, ukuziphatha, kanye nohlobo lweqiniso. Izazi zefilosofi zihlanganyela ekuhlaziyweni okunengqondo okuqinile, ekuxazululeni okunengqondo, nasekucabangeni okubucayi ukuze kuhlolwe kokubili ukukhathazeka okungabonakali nokungokoqobo.
Amagatsha amakhulu efilosofi—i-metaphysics, i-epistemology, i-ethics, i-logic, kanye ne-aesthetics—amboza izihloko eziningi ezahlukene. I-Metaphysics ihlola ubunjalo beqiniso kanye nokuba khona; i-epistemology ihlola ubunjalo kanye nemikhawulo yolwazi; i-ethics igxila ezimisweni zokuziphatha kanye nohlobo lokuhle nokubi; i-logic igxila ezimisweni zokucabanga okunengqondo; kanti i-aesthetics ibheka ubunjalo bobuhle kanye nokuvezwa kobuciko. Ngokubhekana nemibuzo enjalo ejulile, ifilosofi inikeza isisekelo somqondo seminye imikhakha eyahlukene, kufaka phakathi i-sociology.
Ukuhlangana kanye Nethonya: Izisekelo Zefilosofi Zezenhlalo
Ubudlelwano phakathi kwesayensi yezenhlalo nefilosofi bubonakala ezisekelweni zefilosofi ezisekela uphenyo lwezenhlalo. Abacabangi bokuqala besayensi yezenhlalo bathonywe kakhulu yimibono yefilosofi, ikakhulukazi leyo ehlobene nenkolelo-mbono yesivumelwano sezenhlalo, i-positivism, kanye nenkolelo-mbono ebucayi.
U-Auguste Comte, ovame ukubhekwa njengoyise wesayensi yezenhlalo, wayengumsekeli we-positivism—indlela yefilosofi ekhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela zesayensi ukutadisha izenzakalo zomphakathi. I-positivism kaComte yagcizelela ukubaluleka kokubuka okubonakalayo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezimiso zesayensi kusayensi yezenhlalo, okwabeka isisekelo sokuthuthukiswa kwesayensi yezenhlalo njengesifundo esibonakalayo.
UKarl Marx, omunye umuntu oyisisekelo kwezenhlalo, wayehileleke kakhulu emibonweni yefilosofi, ikakhulukazi leyo yesazi sefilosofi saseJalimane uGWF Hegel. Umbono kaMarx womlando ogxile ezintweni ezibonakalayo kanye nokugxeka kwakhe ubungxowankulu kwasekelwa yi-Hegelian dialectics, eyayigcizelela inqubo yoshintsho lomlando ngokuphikisana kanye nezinqumo zazo. Umsebenzi kaMarx ubonisa ukuhlanganiswa kokuhlaziywa kwefilosofi nophenyo lwezenhlalo, okubonisa ukuthi imiqondo yefilosofi ingabumba kanjani inkolelo-mbono yezenhlalo.
UMax Weber, omunye wabasunguli be-sociology echazayo, naye wasebenzisa ukuqonda kwefilosofi, ikakhulukazi ku-Immanuel Kant kanye nesiko le-neo-Kantian. Umqondo kaWeber we-verstehen, noma ukuqonda okuchazayo, ubonisa indlela yefilosofi yokuqonda izenzo zabantu kanye nezenzakalo zomphakathi ngokucabangela izincazelo zabantu ngabanye abazinamathisela kuzo. Lokhu kugcizelela ekuqondeni okuhlangenwe nakho okuphilayo kanye nezisusa zabadlali bezenhlalo kuhlanganisa ukugxila okubonakalayo kwe-sociology nokuhlaziywa komqondo wefilosofi.
Izingxoxo Zanamuhla: Ifilosofi kanye Nombono Wezenhlalo
Ezifundweni zanamuhla, ingxoxo phakathi kwezenhlalo kanye nefilosofi iyaqhubeka nokuchuma. Imibono yefilosofi ivame ukusebenza njengomthombo obalulekile wethiyori kanye nocwaningo lwezenhlalo.
Isibonelo, iFrankfurt School of critical theory, ehlanganisa abacabangi abanjengoTheodor Adorno, uMax Horkheimer, noJürgen Habermas, ihlanganisa ukugxekwa kukaMarxist kobungxowankulu nokuqonda okuvela ku-psychoanalysis kanye nefilosofi yokuphila. Ithiyori ebucayi ihlose ukwembula izakhiwo zamandla eziyisisekelo kanye nezindlela zemibono eziqhubekisela phambili ukungalingani komphakathi, ngaleyo ndlela zinikeze umbono ojwayelekile wokukhululwa kanye nobulungiswa bomphakathi. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kokuhlaziywa kwezenhlalo kanye nokugxekwa kwefilosofi kugcizelela amandla okuguqula izindlela ezihlanganisa imikhakha eyahlukene.
Amafilosofi e-Postmodern kanye ne-poststructuralist, ikakhulukazi lawo kaMichel Foucault noJacques Derrida, nawo abe nomthelela omkhulu emcabangweni wezenhlalo wanamuhla. Indlela kaFoucault yozalo kanye nemibono yakhe yolwazi lwamandla kanye ne-biopolitics kuthonye izifundo zezenhlalo zezikhungo, isiyalo, kanye nokulawula umphakathi. Ukudilizwa kukaDerrida kuphefumulele izazi zezenhlalo ukuthi zihlole ngokujulile isimo esiguquguqukayo nesiphikisanayo sezigaba zomphakathi kanye nobunikazi.
Ukuziphatha kanye nobulungiswa bezenhlalo: Ukukhathazeka okuhlanganisayo
Enye yezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu zokuhlangana phakathi kwezenhlalo nefilosofi iwukukhathalelana kwazo ngokuziphatha kanye nobulungiswa bezenhlalo. Zombili lezi zifundo zibhekana nemibuzo mayelana nomphakathi omuhle, ubulungiswa, kanye nendima yabantu ngabanye ngaphakathi kwezinhlelo zezenhlalo. Izazi zezenhlalo zihlola izindlela izakhiwo zomphakathi kanye nezikhungo eziqhubekisela phambili noma ziphonsela inselelo ukungalingani, ukubandlululwa, kanye nokubandlululwa. Izazi zefilosofi, ikakhulukazi labo abasebenza kwezokuziphatha kanye nefilosofi yezepolitiki, bathuthukisa imibono ejwayelekile mayelana nobulungiswa, amalungelo, kanye nezibopho zokuziphatha zabantu kanye nemiphakathi.
Ukuxhumana phakathi kokutholakele kwezenhlalo okusekelwe emibonweni kanye nokucabanga kokuziphatha kwefilosofi kubalulekile ekubhekaneni nezinkinga zomphakathi eziyinkimbinkimbi njengobumpofu, ubandlululo, ukungalingani ngokobulili, kanye nokuwohloka kwemvelo. Ucwaningo lwezenhlalo luhlinzeka ngedatha kanye nokuhlaziywa okudingekayo ukuqonda ubukhulu nomthelela walezi zinkinga, kuyilapho uphenyo lwefilosofi lunikeza izinhlaka zokuziphatha kanye nezimiso zokuqondisa isenzo kanye nenqubomgomo.
Isiphetho
Ekuphetheni, ubudlelwano phakathi kwezenhlalo nefilosofi buphawulwa ukuhlangana okucebile kocwaningo olusekelwe ebufakazini kanye nokuhlaziywa komqondo. Zombili lezi zifundo zinegalelo ekuqondeni okujulile komphakathi wabantu ngokubhekana nezici ezihambisanayo zokuhlangenwe nakho komuntu. Izindlela zezenhlalo kanye nokugxila ekuguqukeni komphakathi kunikeza isithombe esiningiliziwe sendlela imiphakathi esebenza ngayo, kuyilapho ukuzibophezela kwefilosofi ekucabangeni okubucayi kanye nemibuzo ejwayelekile kunikeza ukuqonda ngezici zokuziphatha nezokuziphatha zokuphila komphakathi. Ndawonye, izenhlalo nefilosofi zithuthukisa ukuqonda kwethu umhlaba womphakathi kanye nendawo yethu kuwo, okukhuthaza indlela ephelele neyinkimbinkimbi yokubhekana nezinselele namathuba omphakathi wanamuhla.
