Ithiyori Yokwakheka Kwesakhiwo Ezifundweni Zezenhlalo
Ukwakheka kwesakhiwo, okuvela njengenhlangano evelele yobuhlakani maphakathi nekhulu lama-20, kuye kwathonya kakhulu imikhakha ehlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa isayensi yezenhlalo, isayensi yabantu, kanye nokugxekwa kwezincwadi. Kusukela kwezezilimi, kunikeza uhlaka lokuqonda isiko labantu, umphakathi, kanye nokuqonda ngokugxila ezakhiweni - amaphethini nezinhlelo eziyisisekelo ezibumba ukuziphatha kwabantu, izikhungo, kanye nezinkolelo. Lesi sihloko sigxila emnyombweni wokwakheka kwesakhiwo ezifundweni zezenhlalo, silandelela imvelaphi yaso, imiqondo eyinhloko, kanye nomthelela ohlala njalo ensimini.
Imvelaphi kanye Nesisekelo Sobuhlakani
Ukwakheka kwesakhiwo kuthola izimpande zaso emsebenzini wokuqala wosolwazi wolimi waseSwitzerland uFerdinand de Saussure, onemibono ebalulekile eyabeka isisekelo sababhali bemibono yakamuva. Umqondo kaSaussure wesibonakaliso solimi, ohlanganisa 'isibonisi' (umsindo/isithombe) kanye 'nesibonisi' (umqondo), wawushintsha kakhulu. Wabeka ukuthi incazelo olimini ayiveli ezimpawini ezingokwemvelo kodwa ekungafani nasebuhlotsheni ngaphakathi kohlelo oluhlelekile. Lokhu kugcizelela ezakhiweni zobudlelwano kwaba yitshe lesisekelo sesakhiwo.
UClaude Lévi-Strauss, ovame ukubizwa ngokuthi uyise wokwakheka kwesakhiwo kwezemfundo yabantu, wandisa ukuqonda kukaSaussure ngezilimi waze wafinyelela esifundweni samasiko abantu. ULévi-Strauss waphikisana ngokuthi izici ezibonakala zihlukahlukene futhi zingafani zamasiko abantu (izinganekwane, ubudlelwano, amasiko) zingaqondwa ngezakhiwo eziyisisekelo ezibonisa amaphethini ayisisekelo okucabanga kwabantu. Izifundo zakhe zembule ukuthi lezi zakhiwo ziyindawo yonke, zidlula izimo ezithile zamasiko.
Imicondvo lebalulekile Yekuhlela
Ukwakheka kwesakhiwo ezifundweni zezenhlalo kusekelwe emiqondweni eminingana ebalulekile:
1. Ukuphikisana Okubili:
Ithiyori yokwakheka kwesakhiwo ithi ukuqonda komuntu kanye nezimo zamasiko zakhiwe ngokuphikisana okubili - imibhangqwana yezinto eziphikisanayo ezichaza futhi ezincike komunye nomunye (isb., imvelo/isiko, owesilisa/owesifazane). Le mibhangqwana ephikisanayo idala incazelo futhi ihlela okuhlangenwe nakho kokuqonda.
2. Ubudlelwano Obuhlelekile:
Ukwakheka kwesakhiwo kugxila ezicini zobudlelwano ngaphakathi kohlelo, kunokuba kube yizinto ngazinye ngokwazo. Kugcizelela indlela izinto ezihlobene futhi ezithintana ngayo ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo esibanzi, okunquma incazelo nomsebenzi.
3. Ukuhlaziywa Kwe-Diachronic Ehambisanayo vs. Ehambisanayo:
Ama-structuralists abeka phambili ukuhlaziywa kwe-synchronic - ukuhlola izakhiwo ngesikhathi esithile - ngaphezu kokuhlaziywa kwe-diachronic, okuphenya intuthuko yomlando. Le ndlela ivumela ukucaciswa kwezinhlelo namaphethini akha izimo zomphakathi zamanje.
4. Izakhiwo Ezingazwakali:
Bethonywe ukuhlaziywa kwengqondo, abacwaningi bezakhiwo bakholelwa ukuthi izakhiwo zengqondo ezingazi lutho zithonya ukuziphatha kwabantu kanye nezikhungo zomphakathi. Lezi zakhiwo zisebenza ngaphansi kobuso, zakha imibono nezenzo ngaphandle kokuqaphela okucacile.
Izicelo Ezifundweni Zezenhlalo
Ithiyori yesakhiwo isetshenziswe ezizindeni ezahlukene ngaphakathi kwezenhlalo, okubonisa ukuguquguquka kwayo kanye nokujula kwayo.
Izifundo Zamasiko Nezinganekwane
Ukuhlaziywa kwesakhiwo kwezinganekwane kukaClaude Lévi-Strauss kuveza enye yezindlela ezivelele kakhulu zokusetshenziswa kwesakhiwo. Ngokuhlukanisa izinganekwane ezivela emasikweni ahlukahlukene, uLévi-Strauss wembula ukufana okujulile kwesakhiwo, ethi izinganekwane zisebenza njengamathuluzi okuqonda ukuxazulula ukuphikisana okubili kanye nokuphikisana engqondweni yomuntu. Le ndlela yesakhiwo inikeze uhlaka oluhlangene lokuqonda umsebenzi kanye nencazelo yezinganekwane kuwo wonke amasiko.
Ubuhlobo kanye nezakhiwo zomphakathi
Ekucwaningweni kobudlelwano bomndeni, ukwakheka kwesakhiwo kuye kwanikeza ukuqonda okujulile mayelana nokuhleleka kanye nomsebenzi wobudlelwano bomphakathi. Ukuhlaziywa kukaLévi-Strauss kwezinhlelo zobudlelwano bomndeni, ikakhulukazi ku-“The Elementary Structures of Kinship,” kubonise ukuthi ubuhlobo bulawulwa yimithetho nezakhiwo ezingaphansi kwamasiko ngamanye. Lezi zakhiwo zibonisa izimiso zomhlaba wonke zokuqonda komuntu kanye nokuhleleka komphakathi, ziphonsela inselelo ukuhumusha kwangaphambilini okugxile ebuhlanga.
Ulimi Nokuxhumana
Ngokwakhela phezu kwemfundiso kaSaussure yolimi, ukwakheka kwesakhiwo kuye kwaba nomthelela omkhulu esifundweni sezenhlalo solimi nokuxhumana. Ukugxila ezakhiweni ngaphakathi kwezinhlelo zolimi kuye kwathonya imibono yenkulumo, i-semiotics, kanye nokwakhiwa kwencazelo emphakathini. Izazi zezenhlalo zisebenzise izimiso zesakhiwo ukuhlaziya ukuthi ulimi lubumba kanjani amaqiniso omphakathi, amandla ashukumisayo, kanye nokwakheka kobunikazi.
Ukugxekwa kanye nokuziphendukela kwemvelo
Naphezu kweminikelo yayo, ukwakheka kwesakhiwo kuye kwagxekwa futhi kwavela izinguquko ezinkulu.
Ukunciphisa kanye ne-Determinism
Abagxeki bathi ukwakheka kungaba yinto enqumayo ngokweqile, kunciphisa izimo eziyinkimbinkimbi zomphakathi zibe izakhiwo eziqinile kanye nokuphikisana okubili. Lokhu kunciphisa kungase kunganaki i-ejensi yomuntu ngamunye, umongo womlando, kanye nokuguquguquka koshintsho lomphakathi. Ukugcizelelwa kokuhlaziywa kwe-synchronic nakho kugxekwe ngokunganaki izilinganiso zomlando kanye nesimo esiguquguqukayo sezakhiwo zomphakathi.
Ukuhlelwa Kwangemva Kokwakheka kanye Nangaphandle Kwakho
Ngenxa yale mikhawulo, abacwaningi be-post-structuralist, okuhlanganisa uMichel Foucault, uJacques Derrida, noPierre Bourdieu, bandise futhi bagxeka izimiso ze-structuralist. I-Post-structuralist iphonsela inselelo umbono wezakhiwo ezizinzile, igcizelela ukuguquguquka, ukubekezela, kanye nobuningi bezincazelo kanye nobudlelwano bamandla. Ngenkathi igcina ukuqonda kwe-structuralist, ihlanganisa ukuhlaziywa komlando kanye nokuxhumana kwe-ejensi kanye nesakhiwo, inikeza ukuqonda okuningiliziwe kwezehlakalo zomphakathi.
Umthelela Ohlala Njalo Kwezenhlalo
Naphezu kokugxekwa kwayo kanye nokuvela kwe-post-structuralism, ithonya le-structuralism ku-sociology liyaqhubeka. Lihlinzeke ngohlaka oluqinile lokuhlaziya amaphethini ajulile kanye nezakhiwo zokuqonda eziyisisekelo sempilo yomphakathi. Izimiso ze-structuralism ziyaqhubeka nokwazisa ucwaningo lwe-sociology lwanamuhla ezindaweni ezifana nezifundo zamasiko, ubunikazi, ubudlelwano bamandla, kanye nokwakhiwa kolwazi emphakathini.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ifa le-structuralism lidlulela ngale kwezicelo ezithile, libumba izingxoxo zethiyori kanye nezindlela zendlela yokusebenza ngaphakathi kwezenhlalo. Ukugcizelela kwayo ekuhlaziyweni kobudlelwano kanye nezakhiwo eziyisisekelo zencazelo kuphefumulele izingxoxo zemikhakha eyahlukene, kwacebisa umcabango wezenhlalo.
Isiphetho
Ukwakheka kwesakhiwo kuye kwaba nomthelela omkhulu ezifundweni zezenhlalo, kunikeza ukuqonda ngezakhiwo eziyisisekelo ezibumba isiko labantu, ukuqonda, kanye nokuhleleka komphakathi. Ngenkathi ibhekene nokugxekwa futhi ishintsha ngokugxekwa kwangemva kokwakheka kwesakhiwo, izimiso zayo eziyisisekelo ziyaqhubeka nokwazisa imicabango yezenhlalo yesimanje. Ngokugcizelela amaphethini, ubudlelwano, kanye nezakhiwo ezijulile zencazelo, ukwakheka kwesakhiwo kuye kwacebisa ukuqonda kwethu ubunzima bempilo yomphakathi kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho kwabantu. Njengoba isayensi yezenhlalo iqhubeka nokuguquka, ifa lesayensi yesakhiwo lihlala liyiphuzu elibalulekile lokubhekisela, liqondisa izazi emzamweni wazo wokuvula inethiwekhi eyinkimbinkimbi yeqiniso lomphakathi.
