Umthelela Wezenhlalo Wenguquko Yezimboni
Inguquko Yezimboni, isikhathi esisukela ekupheleni kwekhulu le-18 kuya maphakathi nekhulu le-19, yaphawula ushintsho olukhulu emlandweni wesintu. Yaguqula imiphakathi kusukela kwezomnotho ezisekelwe kwezolimo kuya ezikhungweni zezimboni ezinamandla, yaqhuba ukukhula okungakaze kubonwe kanye nokusungula izinto ezintsha. Kodwa-ke, ngale kwentuthuko yezomnotho nezobuchwepheshe, iNguquko Yezimboni nayo yaba nemiphumela emikhulu kwezenhlalo eyashintsha isimo somphakathi. Lesi sihloko sigxila ezinguqukweni ezahlukene zomphakathi ezilethwe yile nkathi yokuguqula.
Ukufudukela Kwasemadolobheni Nokushintsha Kwezibalo Zabantu
Enye yemiphumela ebonakalayo emphakathini yeNguquko Yezimboni kwaba ukusabalala kwezindawo zasemadolobheni. Njengoba izimboni zazikhula emadolobheni, abantu bathutheleka bevela ezindaweni zasemakhaya beyofuna imisebenzi. Lokhu kufuduka kwabantu abaningi kwaholela ekukhuleni okukhulu kwamadolobha. Amadolobha afana neManchester, iBirmingham, neLondon abona inani labantu bawo likhuphuka. Ngo-1800, cishe ama-20% kuphela abantu baseBrithani ababehlala ezindaweni zasemadolobheni, kodwa ngo-1900, leli nani lase likhuphuke laya ngaphezu kwama-75%.
Ukufudukela emadolobheni kwaletha amathuba nezinselele. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kwakhuthaza ukukhula komnotho futhi kwadala izikhungo zasemadolobheni eziqhakazile zamasiko kanye nokusungula izinto ezintsha. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuthutheleka kwabantu ngokuzumayo kwaholela ekuminyaneni kwabantu, izimo zokuphila ezimbi, kanye nengqalasizinda enganele. Imijondolo yavela ngenxa yokufudukela emadolobheni ngokushesha, lapho izindlu zazivame ukuba ngaphansi kwezinga eliphansi, futhi ukuhlanzeka kwangasese kwakungatholakali kahle.
Izinguquko Emikhubeni Yomndeni Neyomsebenzi
Ukusuka emiphakathini yezolimo kuya emadolobheni ezimboni kwashintsha kakhulu izakhiwo zomndeni kanye nokuguquguquka komsebenzi. Emiphakathini yangaphambi kwezimboni, imindeni yayivame ukusebenza ndawonye emapulazini noma emabhizinisini amancane aphethwe yimindeni. Nokho, iNguquko Yezimboni yaletha umqondo wabasebenzi abakhokhelwayo. Abantu ngabanye, okuhlanganisa abesifazane nezingane, bavame ukusebenza emafektri ngaphansi kwezimo ezinzima namahora amade.
Umqondo "womndeni owandisiwe" waqala ukuncipha njengoba imindeni yenuzi yayiba yinto evamile. Lolu shintsho lwaba nemiphumela ejulile ebudlelwaneni bezenhlalo kanye nobudlelwano bomphakathi. Indima yabesifazane nayo yaqala ukushintsha. Nakuba abesifazane babesebenza ekhaya noma emapulazini emindeni, isidingo sabasebenzi emafektri saholela abaningi ekufuneni umsebenzi ngaphandle kwekhaya. Lokhu kuhlanganyela kwasekuqaleni emsebenzini kwabeka isisekelo sezinhlangano zomphakathi zesikhathi esizayo ezilwela amalungelo abesifazane kanye nokulingana ngokobulili.
Ukwahlukaniswa Kwamakilasi Nokuhamba Komphakathi
I-Industrial Revolution yandisa ukuhlukaniswa kwezigaba. Osomabhizinisi bezimboni kanye nabanikazi bezimboni baqongelela ingcebo enkulu, bakha isigaba esisha sabasebenzi bezimboni abacebile. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, isigaba sabasebenzi, esakhiwa izisebenzi zasefektri, abavukuzi, kanye nabanye abasebenzi abahola kancane, sasivame ukuhlala ebuphofwini futhi sibhekene nezimo zokusebenza ezinzima.
Naphezu kokuhlukana okukhulu kwezigaba, i-Industrial Revolution nayo yavula amathuba okuhambahamba emphakathini. Ukwanda kwezimboni kwadala isidingo sochwepheshe abanamakhono, njengonjiniyela, abaphathi, kanye nababhali bezimali. Imfundo nokuqeqeshwa kwemisebenzi kwaba izindlela zabantu zokuthuthukisa isimo sabo senhlalo-mnotho, okwadala ukukhula kwesigaba esiphakathi.
Izinguquko Kwezemfundo
Isidingo sabasebenzi abafundile saholela ezinguqukweni ezinkulu zemfundo phakathi nalesi sikhathi. Abathandi bezentengiselwano nabaguquli bezinguquko baqaphela ukuthi umphakathi ofundile nofundile ubalulekile entuthukweni yezomnotho. Lokhu kwakhuthaza ukusungulwa kwezikole zomphakathi nezinye izikhungo zemfundo ezihlose ukuhlinzeka ngemfundo eyisisekelo ezinganeni.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukugcizelelwa kwemfundo kwaholela ekwandeni kokufunda nokubhala kanye nezindinganiso zemfundo ezithuthukisiwe. Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, amazwe amaningi ayeseqalise imithetho yemfundo ephoqelekile, eqinisekisa ukuthi izingane, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zisezingeni elingakanani emphakathini, ziyafinyelela emfundweni. Lezi zinguquko zadlala indima ebalulekile ekwehliseni izinga lokudlala futhi zanikeza isisekelo sentuthuko yezenhlalo yesikhathi esizayo.
Izinhlangano Zabasebenzi Nezinguquko
Izimo zokusebenza ezinzima emafektri, okuhlanganisa amahora amade, amaholo aphansi, kanye nezindawo ezingaphephile, zaholela ekukhuleni kwezinhlangano zabasebenzi. Abasebenzi baqala ukuzihlela baba yizinhlangano zabasebenzi ukuze baxoxisane ngezimo ezingcono, amaholo afanele, kanye namahora okusebenza afanele. Le mizamo yayivame ukuhlangabezana nokuphikiswa okuvela kubanikazi bamafektri futhi ngezinye izikhathi kwaholela ekuxabaneni okunobudlova.
Izinhlangano zabasebenzi zeNguquko Yezimboni zaba nesandla ekufezeni izinguquko ezibalulekile. Imithetho Yezimboni, eyaqala ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, yayihlose ukuthuthukisa izimo zabasebenzi ngokulawula amahora okusebenza nokubeka imingcele yobudala ephansi yokuqashwa kwezingane. Lezi zinguquko zaphawula ukuqala komkhuba obanzi obheke ezindinganisweni zabasebenzi ezithuthukisiwe kanye namalungelo abasebenzi.
Ezempilo kanye Nenhlalakahle Yomphakathi
Isivinini esikhulu sokuthuthukiswa kwezimboni kanye nokukhula kwezindawo zasemadolobheni sinemiphumela emibi empilweni yomphakathi. Amadolobha agcwele kakhulu anezinhlelo zokuhlanzeka ezinganele aba yizindawo zokuzalela izifo ezifana nekholera, i-typhoid, nesifo sofuba. Ukuntuleka kwamanzi ahlanzekile kanye nokuphathwa kahle kwemfucuza kubeka izingozi ezinkulu empilweni yabantu abahlala emadolobheni.
Ukuphendula lezi zinhlekelele zezempilo zomphakathi, ohulumeni kanye nabaguquli basebenzise izindlela zokuthuthukisa izimo zokuphila emadolobheni. Ukusungulwa kwamabhodi ezempilo zomphakathi, ukwakhiwa kwezinhlelo zokulahla indle, kanye nokuhlinzekwa kwamanzi ahlanzekile kwakuyingxenye yemizamo ebanzi yokubhekana nezinselele zezempilo ezibangelwa ukwakhiwa kwezimboni.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, umqondo wenhlalakahle yomphakathi waqala ukuthandwa. Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, ohulumeni abathile baqala ukusebenzisa izindlela zokuphepha komphakathi, njengempesheni yabantu asebekhulile kanye nomshuwalense wokungasebenzi. Lezi zinhlobo zokuqala zenhlalakahle zomphakathi zabeka isisekelo sombuso wenhlalakahle wanamuhla, okuhloswe ngawo ukunikeza ukwesekwa kumalungu omphakathi asengozini kakhulu.
Ushintsho Lwezamasiko Nokuhlakanipha
I-Industrial Revolution nayo yakhuthaza ukushintsha kwamasiko nobuhlakani. Izinguquko zomphakathi ezingakaze zibonwe zashukumisela izihlakaniphi, abalobi, kanye nabaculi ukuba bacabange ngesimo somuntu kanye nentuthuko yomphakathi. Inhlangano yothando, isibonelo, yavela njengendlela yokusabela ngokumelene nokubonakala kokungabi nabuntu kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemishini komphakathi. AmaRomantics agubha imvelo, imizwa, kanye nokuzimela, egcizelela ukubaluleka komoya womuntu kanye nobuciko.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, iNguquko Yezimboni yakhuthaza inkolelo yentuthuko kanye nokusungula izinto ezintsha. Umbono wokuthi ubuhlakani bomuntu kanye nesayensi kungathuthukisa kakhulu amazinga okuphila waba indaba evelele yamasiko. Le nkolelo yentuthuko yaqhubekisela phambili intuthuko futhi yaphefumulela izizukulwane ezizayo ukuba ziqhubeke nokuphishekela ukusungula izinto ezintsha.
Isiphetho
I-Industrial Revolution yayingeyona nje isenzakalo sezomnotho noma sezobuchwepheshe; kwakuyi-social revolution eyashintsha ngokuyisisekelo izindlela abantu ababephila ngazo, ababesebenza ngazo, futhi bexhumana ngazo. Ukufudukela emadolobheni, izinguquko ezakhiweni zomndeni, ukuhlukaniswa kwezigaba, izinguquko zemfundo, ukunyakaza kwabasebenzi, izinhlelo zezempilo zomphakathi, kanye nokushintsha kwengqondo konke kwakuyimiphumela emikhulu kwezenhlalo yalesi sikhathi.
Nakuba iNguquko Yezimboni ilethe izinselelo ezinkulu, okuhlanganisa izimo zokuphila ezingezinhle kanye nokuxhashazwa kwabasebenzi, yabeka nezisekelo zomphakathi wanamuhla. Izinguquko zomphakathi kanye nezinyathelo ezavela phakathi nalesi sikhathi zavula indlela yokulingana okukhulu komphakathi, amazinga abasebenzi athuthukisiwe, kanye nokusungulwa kwezinhlelo zenhlalakahle yomphakathi. Ukuqonda umthelela womphakathi weNguquko Yezimboni kunikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile mayelana nobunzima boshintsho lomphakathi kanye nokufuna okuqhubekayo intuthuko kanye nentuthuko yabantu.
