Ithiyori Yesayensi Yengqondo Yobuntu kanye Nezicelo Zayo
I-psychology yobuntu ingenye yezikole ezinkulu zokucabanga ngaphakathi kwengqondo ezibeka abantu esicongweni sokunaka: abantu babonwa njengabantu abaphelele, abanamandla, inkululeko yokuzikhethela, kanye nesifiso semvelo sokuthuthuka. Lesi sikole savela "njengamandla esithathu" ngemuva kokuhlaziywa kwengqondo, okugcizelela izifiso ezingazi, kanye nokuziphatha, okugcizelela ukuziphatha okubonakalayo. I-Humanism yavela ukuze ibhekane nesidingo sokuqonda okuhlangenwe nakho komuntu okuzimele—incazelo yokuphila, izindinganiso, imigomo, imizwa, kanye nokuziqonda—okwakuvame ukubhekwa njengokungafaneleki ezikoleni ezimbili zangaphambilini.
Isizinda kanye Nemibono Eyisisekelo
Ngokomlando, isayensi yezengqondo yobuntu yathuthuka ngokushesha maphakathi nekhulu lama-20, ikakhulukazi ngemibono yabantu abanjengo-Abraham Maslow noCarl Rogers. Bobabili benqaba umbono wokuthi abantu bamane nje “bangumkhiqizo” wezingxabano zobuntwana noma nje umphumela wokwakheka kwemvelo. I-Humanism isekelwe ezicabangweni eziningana ezibalulekile:
1. Abantu ngokuyisisekelo banezinhloso ezinhle kanye nesifiso sokukhula.
Nakuba abantu bengaziphethe ngendlela elimazayo, abantu abakholelwa ezintweni eziphathelene nobuntu babona lokhu kuziphatha njengokuvame ukuhlotshaniswa nezidingo ezivinjiwe, okuhlangenwe nakho okubuhlungu, noma izindawo ezingasekelwe.
2. Okuhlangenwe nakho okusekelwe kulokho okushiwoyo kuwumthombo obalulekile wedatha.
Indlela umuntu achaza ngayo isenzakalo inquma umthelela wengqondo ngaphezu kwesenzakalo ngokwaso.
3. Inkululeko yokuzikhethela (inkululeko yokuzikhethela) kanye nomthwalo wemfanelo womuntu siqu.
Ama-Humanists ayakuvuma ukuthi kukhona amathonya ezinto eziphilayo kanye nezenhlalo, kodwa asagcizelela ikhono lomuntu lokukhetha nokuqondisa impilo.
4. Abantu bayizidalwa eziphelele (eziphelele).
Imicabango, imizwa, umzimba, ubudlelwano bomphakathi, kanye nezindinganiso zokuphila kuhlobene futhi kudinga ukuqondwa ngokuphelele.
Ngokusekelwe kulokhu, indlela yobuntu isetshenziswa kabanzi ukuqonda intuthuko yabantu, ukwelulekwa, imfundo, izinsizakalo zezempilo, kanye nomhlaba womsebenzi.
U-Abraham Maslow kanye noHlelo Lwezidingo
U-Abraham Maslow udume ngethiyori yakhe yokuhlelwa kwezidingo, echaza izidingo zabantu ezihlelwe kusukela ezingeni eliphansi kuya kweliphezulu. Ngokuvamile, uMaslow wahlanganisa izidingo kanje:
1. Izidingo zomzimba: ukudla, ukuphuza, ukulala, impilo eyisisekelo.
2. Ukuphepha: umuzwa wokuphepha ngokomzimba, ukuzinza, nokuvikelwa.
3. Uthando nokuba ngumuntu ofanele: ubungane, umndeni, ukwamukelwa yiqembu.
4. Ukwazisa: ukuzihlonipha, ikhono, ukuqashelwa.
5. Ukuzazisa: ukuthuthukisa amandla, ukufeza injongo nenjongo empilweni.
Empeleni, lolu hlelo aluhlali luqinile; umuntu angaphishekela injongo empilweni noma engavikelekile ngokugcwele ngokwezimali. Kodwa-ke, umqondo oyinhloko uhlala ubalulekile: izidingo eziyisisekelo ezingahlangatshezwanga zivame ukuphazamisa ukukhula kwengqondo. Isibonelo, abafundi abalambile noma abazizwa bengaphephile esikoleni bazoba nobunzima bokugxila ezifundweni zabo noma ekuthuthukiseni ubuhlakani babo.
UMaslow uphinde wagcizelela umqondo wokuhlangenwe nakho okuphezulu, okuyisipiliyoni esiphezulu lapho umuntu ezizwa ephila ngokujulile, enenjongo, exhumene, futhi evumelana naye. Okuhlangenwe nakho okunjalo kuvame ukuhlotshaniswa nobuciko, ingokomoya, impumelelo, noma ukuxhumana okujulile kwezenhlalo.
UCarl Rogers kanye Nendlela Egxile Kumakhasimende
UCarl Rogers wasungula i-Person-Centered Therapy, eye yaba enye yezindlela ezinethonya kakhulu ekwelulekeni kwanamuhla. Ngokusho kukaRogers, abantu banesifiso semvelo esibizwa ngokuthi ukuthambekela kokwenza izinto ngendlela efanele, ukuthambekela kokukhula, ukuphulukisa, nokuba yinguqulo engcono kakhulu yabo lapho bengaphansi kwezimo zengqondo ezisekelayo.
URogers ugcizelele izimo ezintathu eziyinhloko okudingeka zibe khona ebudlelwaneni bokwelapha:
1. Uzwela: ikhono lokuqonda okuhlangenwe nakho kweklayenti ngokombono wabo.
2. Ukuhlonipha okuhle okungenamibandela: ukwamukela iklayenti njengomuntu ngaphandle kokwahlulela.
3. Ubuqiniso (ukuhambisana): umelaphi ukhona ngokweqiniso, ngaphandle kokuzenzisa, futhi uvumelana phakathi kwemizwa yakhe nokuziphatha kwakhe.
Kulesi simo, amaklayenti azizwa ephephile kakhulu ngokuhlola imizwa yawo, eqaphela amanxeba awo angaphakathi, futhi ezakha ukuqonda. Umgomo akukhona ukunikeza iseluleko, kodwa ukusiza amaklayenti ukuthola izimpendulo ngaphakathi kwawo.
Ukuziqonda, Ukungavumelani, Nokukhula
Kubuntu, ukuzibona kudlala indima ebalulekile. Ukuzibona kuyindlela umuntu azibheka futhi azihlole ngayo, njengokuthi "Ngiyakwazi," "Angifaneleki," noma "Kumelwe ngibe ophelele ngaso sonke isikhathi." URogers uchaze ukuthi izinkinga zengqondo zivame ukuvela lapho kukhona ukungalingani: ukungafani phakathi kokuhlangenwe nakho kwangempela kanye nomfanekiso wakhe.
Isibonelo, umuntu onomuzwa wokuthi "kumele abe namandla" angase acindezele ukudabuka kwakhe. Uma ukudabuka kuqhubeka, uzibona njengomuntu ohlulekile noma obuthakathaka. Lokhu kuholela ekuxabaneni kwangaphakathi, ukucindezeleka, nokukhathazeka. Ekwelashweni kobuntu, abantu basizwa ukwamukela imizwa njengengxenye yokuba ngabantu, babuyekeze izinkolelo zabo ezingezona ezingokoqobo, futhi baphile ngokuvumelana kakhulu nokuhlangenwe nakho kwabo kwangempela.
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-Humanistic Psychology ekwelulekeni nasekwelapheni
Ukusetshenziswa okuqondile kakhulu kobuntu kusekwelulekeni. Le ndlela ivame ukusetshenziswa ukuze:
– Izinkinga zobudlelwano, njengezingxabano zomlingani noma zomndeni, ngenxa yokugxila ekukhulumisaneni okuzwelana nezidingo ezingokomzwelo.
– Ukukhathazeka nokucindezeleka, ngokusiza amaklayenti ukuthi aqaphele imizwa, izindinganiso zokuphila, kanye nezidingo ezinganakwa.
– Ubunikazi kanye nencazelo yenkinga yokuphila, isibonelo lapho ulahlekelwa umsebenzi, ungena ebudaleni, noma ubhekene nosizi.
– Ukuqinisa ukuzethemba, ngokusebenzisa ulwazi lokwamukelwa nokuqondwa ngaphandle kokwahlulelwa.
Ezimweni eziningi, abeluleki bezobuntu abenzi “njengochwepheshe abazi kangcono,” kodwa kunalokho njengabaqondisi benqubo. Ubudlelwano bokwelapha ngokwabo bubhekwa njengento eyinhloko yokuphulukisa.
Izicelo Kwezemfundo: Ukwenza Ukufunda Kube Nobuntu
UbuHumanism buphinde buthonye imfundo ngomqondo wokuthi ukufunda akukhona nje ngezinombolo kanye nokufunda ngekhanda, kodwa futhi mayelana nokuthuthukiswa kobuntu. Ukusetshenziswa okuqondile kufaka phakathi:
– Isimo sekilasi esiphephile ngokwengqondo: abafundi bayalokotha babuze imibuzo futhi bazame ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuhlazeka.
– Indlela egxile kubafundi: othisha bamukela izintshisekelo zabafundi, izitayela zokufunda, kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho kwabo.
– Ukuqinisa isisusa sangaphakathi: ukukhuthaza abafundi ukuba bafunde ngenxa yelukuluku kanye nemigomo yabo siqu, hhayi nje isijeziso noma imivuzo.
– Imfundo yobulingiswa kanye nemizwa: ukuqeqeshwa kozwela, ukuzazi, kanye namakhono okuxhumana nabantu.
Ngendlela yobuntu, abafundi babonakala njengabantu abakhula, hhayi “izitsha ezingenalutho” okufanele zigcwaliswe.
Izicelo Emhlabeni Womsebenzi: Ubuholi Nenhlalakahle
Ezinhlanganweni, ubuntu bubonakala emqondweni wobuholi obusekelayo kanye nesiko lomsebenzi elihlonipha abantu. Ukusetshenziswa kwalo kufaka phakathi:
– Ukuphepha kwengqondo: abasebenzi bazizwa bephephile ukuveza imibono noma amaphutha ngaphandle kokwesaba ukujeziswa ngokungafanele.
– Ukuqeqesha kanye nempendulo eyakhayo: gxila ekuthuthukiseni amakhono kanye nemigomo yomuntu siqu.
– Ukulinganisela impilo: ukunaka impilo yengqondo, umthwalo womsebenzi, kanye nezidingo zomndeni.
– Intuthuko engaba khona: ukuqeqeshwa okuhambisana nezintshisekelo zabasebenzi kanye namandla abo.
Izinhlangano ezisebenzisa izindinganiso zobuntu zivame ukubheka abasebenzi njengempahla yabantu, hhayi nje izinsiza zokukhiqiza.
Ukugxekwa kanye nokulinganiselwa kwe-Humanistic Psychology
Naphezu kwethonya layo, i-psychology yobuntu nayo inabagxeki bayo. Eminye imiqondo ibhekwa njengeyimicabango emihle kakhulu noma kunzima ukuyihlola ngokuqinile ngenxa yemvelo yayo engaphansi kwesimo sayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukugcizelela kwayo inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye kungabonakala njengokunganaki izici zesakhiwo njengobumpofu, ukubandlululwa, noma ukufinyelela emfundweni. Ngakho-ke, ochwepheshe abaningi banamuhla bahlanganisa i-humanism nezinye izindlela, njengokwelashwa kokuziphatha kwengqondo noma imibono yezenhlalo, ukuze kufezwe indlela ephelele.
I-Penutup
Ithiyori ye-Humanistic Psychology inikeza umbono ogcizelela isithunzi somuntu, ulwazi lomuntu siqu, kanye nethuba lokukhula. Ngemibono kaMaslow mayelana nezidingo kanye nokuzazisa, kanye nendlela kaRogers egxile kumakhasimende, i-humanism inikeza isisekelo esiqinile sokwelulekwa, imfundo, kanye nemikhuba yokuthuthukiswa kwenhlangano ethuthukisa ubuntu. Ekugcineni, i-humanistic Psychology isikhumbuza ukuthi abantu ababona nje iqoqo lezimpawu noma ukuziphatha, kodwa abantu abanethemba, incazelo, kanye nekhono lokushintsha lapho benikezwa indawo ephephile yokuthuthuka.
Uma ufisa, ngingalungisa lesi sihloko sibe amagama ayi-1000, ngifake izibonelo zamacala (esikoleni/ekwelulekeni/emsebenzini), noma ngifake uhlu lwezincwadi zemisebenzi yezemfundo.
