Izinzuzo Ze-Social Psychology Ekuqondeni I-Group Dynamics
Abantu bayizidalwa zomphakathi ezihlala cishe njalo ngamaqembu—umndeni, ontanga, imiphakathi, izinhlangano, ngisho nomphakathi obanzi. Ngaphakathi kwamaqembu, umuntu ngamunye uletha ubuntu obuhlukile, izindinganiso, imigomo, kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho. Lokhu kwehluka kungakhuthaza ukubambisana okuphumelelayo, kodwa kungabangela nokungqubuzana, ukucindezeleka, noma ukwenza izinqumo ezingalungile. Yilapho i-psychology yezenhlalo ingena khona: igatsha le-psychology elifunda ukuthi imicabango yabantu, imizwa, kanye nokuziphatha kwabo kuthonywa kanjani ukuba khona kwabanye, kokubili ngokucacile nangokungaqondile. Ngokuqonda izimiso ze-psychology yezenhlalo, singachaza ngokucacile ukuguquguquka kweqembu futhi sithathe izinyathelo eziphumelelayo zokwakha ubudlelwano obunempilo, ubuholi, kanye nokubambisana.
1. Qonda ukuthi izimiso zeqembu zakhiwa kanjani futhi zithonya kanjani ukuziphatha.
Enye yezinzuzo eziyinhloko ze-social psychology yikhono layo lokuchaza indima yezindinganiso ngaphakathi kwamaqembu. Izindinganiso ziyimithetho engabhalwanga eqondisa ukuthi yini eyamukelekayo nengamukeleki. Izindinganiso zingakhiwa ngemikhuba ephindaphindwayo, izindinganiso ezabiwe, noma abantu abanethonya ngaphakathi kweqembu. Empeleni, izindinganiso zingakhuthaza ukuziphatha okuhle njengokuzithiba, ukuhloniphana, noma ukuziphatha okuhle emsebenzini. Kodwa-ke, izindinganiso zingakhuthaza namasiko amabi njengokuhlukumeza, inhlebo, noma imikhuba engemihle ebhekwa njenge "evamile."
Ngokuqonda izindlela ezakhiwa ngazo izimiso—isibonelo, ngokuqinisa umphakathi (ukudumisa, ukwamukela) noma izigwebo zomphakathi (ukwenqatshwa, ukugxekwa)—abaholi namalungu eqembu bangangenelela ezimisweni eziyingozi. Isibonelo, izinhlangano zingakha inqubo “yokuveza imibono” ngokunikeza indawo ephephile yokuxoxisana nokwazisa imibono, kunokujezisa imibono ephikisanayo.
2. Chaza ukuvumelana nokucindezela komphakathi
Ukuvumelana nezimo kuwumkhuba wabantu ngabanye wokulungisa izimo zabo zengqondo nokuziphatha kwabo ukuze kuvumelane nokweqembu. I-psychology yezenhlalo ikhombisa ukuthi ukuvumelana akuhlali kwenzeka ngoba abantu bevumelana mathupha, kodwa ngokuvamile ngenxa yezingcindezi zomphakathi: ukwesaba ukwenqatshwa, isifiso sokwamukelwa, noma inkolelo yokuthi iqembu lilungile kakhulu.
Emaqenjini, ukuqonda ngokuhambisana nezimo kubaluleke kakhulu ekuqapheleni ukuthi amalungu eqembu "alandela isixuku" ngaphandle kokucabanga ngokujulile. Isibonelo, emhlanganweni, othile angase athule noma engavumelani ngoba esaba ukubhekwa njengophazamisayo. Uma lokhu kwenzeka njalo, iqembu lingaphuthelwa yimibono ebalulekile futhi lenze izinqumo ezingafanele.
Lokhu kuqonda kusiza amaqembu ukuthi aklame izinqubo ezibandakanya wonke umuntu: njengokushintshana ngokucela imibono, ukusebenzisa izinhlolovo ezingaziwa ukuqoqa imibono, noma ukuqoka “ummeli kadeveli” omsebenzi wakhe uwukuhlola ubuthakathaka bemibono ngaphandle kokubhekwa njengokucasulayo.
3. Ukunciphisa ingozi "yokucabanga ngeqembu" ekwenzeni izinqumo
I-psychology yezenhlalo ibaluleke kakhulu ekuqondeni ukucabanga kweqembu, isimo lapho isifiso sokugcina ubunye siholela iqembu ekunganaki ukuhlolwa okubucayi. Ukucabanga kweqembu kuvame ukwenzeka emaqenjini ahlangene kakhulu, anomholi ophethe, noma angaphansi kokucindezeleka okukhulu. Izimpawu zingafaka phakathi ukuba nethemba ngokweqile, ukucabanga ukuthi iqembu lihlala lilungile, noma ukwenqaba ulwazi olungqubuzanayo.
Inzuzo ye-social psychology lapha ukusiza amaqembu ukuthi aqaphele izimpawu zesixwayiso zakuqala futhi azivimbele. Isibonelo, izinhlangano zingakhuthaza izingxoxo eziqhutshwa idatha, zimeme imibono yangaphandle, noma zihlukanise izigaba "zokucubungula ingqondo" kanye "nokuhlola" ukuze kuvinjelwe imibono ukuthi yenqatshwe noma yamukelwe ngokushesha ngokusekelwe ekuthandeni ngokomzwelo kuphela.
4. Qonda indima yobunikazi bomphakathi kanye nobudlelwano "bokungaphakathi kweqembu-nokuphuma eqenjini"
I-psychology yezenhlalo ichaza ukuthi abantu bavame ukuzihlukanisa bona kanye nabanye ngezigaba "thina" (ngaphakathi kweqembu) kanye "nabo" (ngaphandle kweqembu). Lokhu kuhlobana komphakathi kungakhuthaza ukuziqhenya, ubumbano, kanye nesisusa. Kodwa-ke, kungabangela nobandlululo, imibono engafani, ukubandlulula, kanye nokungqubuzana phakathi kwamaqembu.
Ngokwesibonelo, emsebenzini, kungavela ingxabano phakathi kwezigaba zokumaketha nezokukhiqiza—ngalinye likholelwa ukuthi indlela yalo ibaluleke kakhulu. Sisebenzisa indlela ye-social psychology, singanciphisa ukwahlukana ngokugcizelela imigomo ehlanganyelwe, sandise ukubambisana kwamaqembu ahlukahlukene, futhi sikhuthaze ukuxhumana okulinganayo. Lapho abantu bebona ukuthi “thina” sisesigabeni esifanayo, amandla eqembu aqondiswa kalula ekubambisaneni kunokuncintisana kwangaphakathi.
5. Ukufunda amaphethini okuxhumana kanye nethonya lobuholi
Izinguquko zeqembu zithonywa kakhulu izindlela zokuxhumana kanye nobuholi. I-psychology yezenhlalo inikeza uhlaka lokuqonda ukuthi imiyalezo idluliselwa kanjani, ukuthi isimo kanye nezindima zakha kanjani ukuthi ubani olalelwayo, nokuthi abaholi bangathonya kanjani isimo sengqondo seqembu.
Abaholi abathinti nje izinqumo kuphela kodwa nesimo sengqondo: ukuthi amalungu azizwa ephephile, ehlonishwa, futhi ekhuthazwa yini ukuzama. Imibono efana "nethonya lomphakathi" isiza ukuchaza umehluko phakathi kokulalela ngenxa yegunya kanye nokulalela ngenxa yokwethemba. Ubuholi obunempilo buvame ukukhuthaza ukubamba iqhaza, ukucaca, kanye nomuzwa wokuba ngumnikazi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ubuholi obunamandla ngokweqile bungadala ukwesaba nokulalela okungamanga, ekugcineni kunciphise ubuhlakani futhi kwandise izingxabano ezifihliwe.
6. Lawula izingxabano ngendlela eyakhayo
Ingxabano iyingxenye yemvelo yokuphila kweqembu. I-psychology yezenhlalo isiza ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwengxabano evela ekungafani kwemisebenzi (ingxabano yomsebenzi) kanye nengxabano yobudlelwano (ingxabano yobudlelwano). Ingxabano yomsebenzi ingaba wusizo uma iphathwa kahle, ikhuthaza ukuhlolwa kwemibono kanye nokusungula izinto ezintsha. Kodwa-ke, ingxabano yobudlelwano—ethinta ukuzethemba, ubuwena, noma imizwa—ivame ukuba yingozi uma ingaxazululwanga.
Ngokuqonda ukuhlukaniswa komphakathi (indlela esichaza ngayo izimbangela zokuziphatha kwabanye), amaqembu anganciphisa ukungaqondani. Isibonelo, umuntu ofika sekwephuzile angase akhishwe ngokushesha njengo "ongahloniphi iqembu," kuyilapho empeleni kungase kube nezinkinga zesistimu. Ukuqeqeshwa kozwela, ukucacisa okulindelekile, kanye nokuxhumana okuqinile kungaguqula ukungezwani kube inqubo yokuxazulula izinkinga, kunokuba kube umdlalo wokusola.
7. Khulisa ukubambisana kanye nokuziphatha okungabandlululi abanye abantu
I-psychology yezenhlalo ifunda nokuziphatha okungachemile—isenzo sokusiza, ukwabelana, nokubambisana. Ukuqonda izici ezikhuthaza ukubambisana (njengokuncika komunye nomunye, ubulungisa, kanye nokwethembana) kusiza amaqembu ukuba akhiqize kakhudlwana.
Amaqembu amalungu awo anomuzwa wokuthi iminikelo yawo iyaziswa avame ukubonisa amazinga aphezulu okuzibophezela. Ngokuphambene nalokho, lapho kukhona ukungalingani, "ukuzibophezela emphakathini" kwenzeka, ukuthambekela kokunciphisa umzamo ngoba benomuzwa wokuthi umsebenzi uzothwalwa abanye. Ukusungula ukwahlukaniswa okucacile kwemisebenzi, izinkomba ezilinganiswayo zomnikelo, kanye nempendulo efanele yizinyathelo ezihambisana nokutholakele kwi-psychology yomphakathi.
8. Ukwakha indawo yeqembu enempilo ngokwengqondo
Ezimweni eziningi—izikole, izinhlangano, imiphakathi—impilo yengqondo yamalungu eqembu inquma ikhwalithi yokuxhumana kanye nemiphumela yomsebenzi. I-psychology yezenhlalo isisiza siqonde ukubaluleka kokuzizwa siphephile ukukhuluma, ukuba yingxenye, kanye nokuqashelwa emphakathini. Uma amalungu ezizwa ehlonishwa, azimisele kakhulu ukuveza imibono yawo futhi ayakwazi ukumelana nokucindezeleka.
Ukwakha indawo enempilo akusho ukugwema ukugxekwa, kodwa kunalokho ukukunikeza ngendlela engabonisi ukuzithoba. Amaqembu avuthiwe ayakwazi ukuhlukanisa ukuhlolwa kwemibono nokwazisa abantu ngabanye. Lokhu kudala isimo esisekela ukufunda, hhayi isiko lokusola.
Isiphetho
I-psychology yezenhlalo inikeza ilensi enamandla yokuqonda ukuguquguquka kweqembu: kusukela ezindinganisweni, ukuhambisana, kanye nokwenza izinqumo, kuya ekuzibonakaliseni komphakathi, izingxabano, kanye nokubambisana. Izinzuzo zayo azigcini nje ngokuba yiqiniso, kodwa futhi ziwusizo kakhulu—zisisiza ukuthi sakhe amaqembu asebenza kahle, alinganayo, futhi anempilo. Ngokuqonda ukuthi ithonya lomphakathi lisebenza kanjani, singaba amalungu eqembu aqondayo kakhudlwana, abaholi abaqonda kakhudlwana, kanye nabenzi bezinqumo abagxeka kakhulu. Ekugcineni, ukuqonda i-psychology yezenhlalo kusiza amaqembu ukuba asuke ekubeni “yiqoqo labantu” aye emiphakathini ekwazi ukukhula, ukuzivumelanisa nezimo, kanye nokufeza imigomo ehlanganyelwe ngendlela enenjongo.
