Indlela I-Psychology Ethonya Ngayo Ezombusazwe kanye Nombono Womphakathi
Ezombusazwe zivame ukubhekwa njengenkundla yemibono, izintshisekelo, namasu. Kodwa-ke, ngemuva kwezinqumo zokuvota, ukusekelwa kwezinqubomgomo, ngisho nokuvela kokwahlukana, kunesinye isici esinamandla esisebenzayo: i-psychology yabantu. Indlela esicubungula ngayo ulwazi, sakha ubuwena, siphatha imizwa, futhi sihlobana ngayo namaqembu omphakathi ithonya kakhulu ukuziphatha kwezepolitiki kanye nombono womphakathi. Lesi sihloko sihlola ukuthi izimiso zengqondo zakha kanjani ukuguquguquka kwezepolitiki zanamuhla—kusukela endleleni abantu abazongenela umkhankaso ngayo kuya endleleni umphakathi ohlola ngayo izindaba ezithile.
1. I-Psychology njengesisekelo sokuziphatha kokuvota
Izinqumo zezombusazwe azivamile ukuba nengqondo nje. Abavoti abaningi banomuzwa wokuthi "bavota ngokusekelwe ohlelweni lwabo," kodwa empeleni, lezo zinqumo zivame ukuthonywa imibono yomuntu siqu, ukufana kobunikazi, kanye nemizwa edlulayo. Ezengqondo, kunomqondo we-heuristics—izinqamuleli zengqondo ezisetshenziswa lapho abantu behlangana nolwazi oluyinkimbinkimbi. Ezombusazwe zigcwele ulwazi oluyinkimbinkimbi: izabelomali, imithethonqubo, idatha yezomnotho, noma inqubomgomo yangaphandle. Ngenxa yokuthi akuwona wonke umuntu onesikhathi nezinsiza zokuhlola konke, abavoti bathembele ezicini ezilula ezifana nekhono lomuntu ozongenela ukhetho, ukuzibandakanya neqembu, ukwesekwa okuvela kubantu abakholwayo, noma izitayela zokuxhumana ezifanele.
Uma umuntu esevele enokukhetha okuthile, uvame ukufuna izizathu, hhayi iqiniso. Yilapho-ke ukucwasa ngokomqondo kuqala khona. Isibonelo esisodwa ukucwasa kokuqinisekisa, okuwukuthambekela kokufuna ulwazi olusekela izinkolelo zethu futhi singanaki noma yini ephikisana nazo. Lokhu kucwasa kwenza kube nzima ukushintsha imibono yezepolitiki, ngisho nalapho kuvela ubufakazi obusha.
2. Imizwa: uphethiloli wombono womphakathi
Imizwa iyiziqhubi ezinamandla kwezepolitiki. Intukuthelo ingaqhuba ukuzibandakanya kwezepolitiki, isibonelo ngemibhikisho noma imikhankaso eku-inthanethi. Ukwesaba kungenza umphakathi usekele izinqubomgomo eziqinile, njengalezo ezihlobene nokuphepha, ubugebengu, noma ukufuduka. Ithemba lingandisa ukwesekwa kwezinhlelo zoshintsho. Ekuxhumaneni kwezepolitiki, imizwa ivame ukusetshenziswa ngendlela ehlelekile ngezindaba ezithinta okuhlangenwe nakho kwabantu kwansuku zonke.
I-Psychology iphinde ibonise ukuthi izinsongo—kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zingokoqobo noma zicatshangwa—zenza abantu bakhethe abaholi ababhekwa njengabaziqinisayo. Esimweni esibucayi, umphakathi uvame ukwamukela imikhawulo ethile inqobo nje uma kukholakala ukuthi “ingenxa yentshisekelo yokuphepha.” Lesi simo sichaza ukuthi kungani izenzakalo ezinkulu ezifana nobhubhane, izingxabano, noma izinkinga zomnotho zingashintsha isimo sezepolitiki ngokushesha.
3. Ukuzazi ngokwezenhlalo nangokwezepolitiki ngokuthi “thina uma siqhathaniswa nabo”
Abantu bayizidalwa zomphakathi ezivame ukuhlukanisa umhlaba ngamaqembu: "thina" (ingroup) kanye "nabo" (outgroup). Ithiyori Yobunikazi Bomphakathi ichaza ukuthi abantu bathola umuzwa wokubaluleka kokuba yilungu leqembu. Kwezepolitiki, amaqembu ezepolitiki, imibono, ubuzwe, izinkolo, ngisho nezigaba zomphakathi kungaba ubuwena obujulile. Lapho ezombusazwe ziphenduka impi yobuwena, impikiswano ayisekho ngenqubomgomo kodwa mayelana nokwethembeka nokuba yingxenye yeqembu.
Ngenxa yalokho, abantu bangase bahlulele ulwazi hhayi ngokusekelwe ekunembile kwalo, kodwa ekutheni ubani olulethayo. Uma ulwazi luvela "eqenjini eliphikisayo," kulula ukululahla. Ngokuphambene nalokho, uma luvela "eqenjini labo," abantu banamathuba amaningi okulukholwa, noma ngabe ubufakazi bubuthakathaka. Lokhu kuqinisa ukwahlukana futhi kunciphisa isikhala sokuvumelana.
4. Ukucwasa ngokwengqondo okwakha imibono yezepolitiki
Kunokucwasa okuningi kwengqondo okuthonya umbono womphakathi. Ezinye zezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu kwezepolitiki zifaka:
– Umphumela wokubeka uhlaka: Indlela udaba olubekwe ngayo ithonya impendulo yomphakathi. Inqubomgomo efanayo ingabonakala njengenhle noma embi kuye ngokulandisa. Isibonelo, “ukwehliswa kwezimali zoxhaso” kungabhalwa ngokuthi “ukusebenza kahle kwesabelomali” noma “ukwehliswa kosizo lomphakathi.”
– Umphumela wokutholakala: Abantu babona into engenzeka kakhulu uma kulula ukuyikhumbula. Ukumbozwa okujulile kobugebengu kungenza abantu bazizwe sengathi isimo siyingozi kakhulu kunalokho esiyikho ngempela.
– Ukucwasa igunya: Izitatimende ezenziwe ngabantu ababhekwa njengabanegunya zivame ukwamukelwa ngaphandle kokuqinisekiswa okwanele.
– Umphumela we-Bandwagon: Abantu bavame ukusekela uhlangothi olubonakala luwina, ngoba ukuwina kubhekwa njengobufakazi bekhwalithi noma nje isifiso “sokuba sohlangothini lweningi.”
Lokhu kubandlulula akusho ukuthi abantu “bayiziphukuphuku,” kodwa kunalokho kubonisa indlela ubuchopho bomuntu obusebenza ngayo, buzama ukonga amandla ekubhekaneni nomhlaba oyinkimbinkimbi.
5. Inkulumo-ze, ukukholisa, kanye namasu okuxhumana kwezepolitiki
I-psychology ekholisayo isetshenziswa emikhankasweni yezepolitiki ngokusebenzisa iziqubulo, izimpawu, ukuphindaphinda imiyalezo, kanye nokudala izinhlangano ezingokomzwelo. Isimiso sokudalulwa nje sithi lapho abantu bedalulwa kakhulu umyalezo, kulapho kungenzeka khona ukuthi bawuthande—ngisho nangaphandle kokuhlaziywa okujulile. Yingakho ukuphindaphinda iziqubulo kanye nezithombe zabantu abazongenela ukhetho kubaluleke kangaka.
Enye indlela yokwenza izinto zibe lula ukuze kube nezindaba eziqondakala kalula: ubani “imbangela yenkinga,” ubani “iqhawe,” nokuthi iyini “ikhambi elisheshayo.” Lolu hlobo lwendaba luyakhanga ngoba lunikeza umuzwa wokuqiniseka. Kodwa-ke, lubeka engcupheni yokudela ukunemba nokukhuthaza umphakathi ukuba wamukele ukucabanga okumnyama nokumhlophe.
6. Imithombo yezokuxhumana, ama-algorithms, kanye namabhamuza olwazi
Indima yesayensi yezengqondo kwezepolitiki inamandla kakhulu esikhathini sedijithali. Imithombo yezokuxhumana isebenzisa izindlela zengqondo ezifana nokufuna ukuqashelwa komphakathi (ukuthandwa, ukwabelana), isifiso sokusabela ngokushesha, kanye nokuthambekela kokwabelana ngokuqukethwe okuvusa imizwa. Okuqukethwe okubangela intukuthelo noma ukwesaba kuvame ukusabalala, okuvumela umbono womphakathi ukuthi ungabunjwa ulwazi olunembile kakhulu, kodwa yilokho okubangela ukuzibandakanya okuningi.
Ama-algorithm adala futhi amabhamuza okuhlunga, noma amabhamuza olwazi: abasebenzisi banamathuba amaningi okubona okuqukethwe kuhambisana nezintandokazi zabo. Lokhu kuqinisa ukucwasa kokuqinisekisa futhi kunciphisa ithuba lokuhlangana nemibono ehlukene. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, umphakathi ungahlukaniswa ube amaqiniso olwazi ahlukene, okwenza kube nzima ngokwengeziwe ukuthola indawo efanayo engxoxweni yezepolitiki.
7. Indima yobuntu kanye nezindinganiso ekuthandweni kwezepolitiki
I-psychology yobuntu iphakamisa ukuthi ukuthambekela kwezepolitiki kuhlobene nezindinganiso nezidingo ezithile zengqondo. Isibonelo, abanye abantu bakhetha ukuhleleka, ukuzinza, nokuqiniseka, kanti abanye bakhululekile kakhulu ngoshintsho kanye nokwehlukahluka. Lokhu kwehluka kungathonya isimo sengqondo ngezinqubomgomo ezifana nokuphoqelelwa komthetho, ukubekezelelana komphakathi, noma ukungenelela kukahulumeni emnothweni.
Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi lobu budlelwano abunqunyelwe. Indawo, okuhlangenwe nakho kokuphila, imfundo, kanye nesimo senhlalo kusadlala indima ebalulekile. Abantu bangashintsha imibono yabo yezepolitiki ngokusekelwe ezimweni zokuphila ezishintshayo, okuhlangenwe nakho kokungabi nabulungisa, noma ukuchayeka olwazini olusha noluthembekile.
8. Ukunciphisa ukukhohlisa: ulwazi lwezengqondo zezepolitiki
Uma i-psychology ingasetshenziswa ukuthonya umbono, ingasiza umphakathi ukuthi uqaphele futhi ubhekane nokuphathwa kabi. Ezinye izinyathelo ezingaqinisa ukuqina komphakathi zifaka:
1. Qaphela imizwa yakho lapho uthola ulwazi lwezepolitiki: Ingabe okuqukethwe kukwenza uthukuthele kakhulu noma wesabe? Uma kunjalo, kungase kuklanyelwe ukubangela ukusabela okusheshayo.
2. Hlola imithombo kanye nedatha: Buza ukuthi ubani ozuzayo endabeni ethile.
3. Funa imibono ehlukene: Ukufunda imidiya ngamabomu ngezindlela ezahlukene kunganciphisa umphumela webhamuza.
4. Ukuhlukanisa ubuwena nempikiswano: Akusikho konke ukugxekwa “kweqembu lethu” okuwukuhlasela; kungaba ukuhlolwa okuwusizo.
Isiphetho
I-Psychology ithonya ezombusazwe kanye nombono womphakathi ngemizwa, ubuwena bomphakathi, ukucwasa kwengqondo, amasu okukholisa, kanye nendlela imithombo yezokuxhumana ebumba ngayo ukugeleza kolwazi. Ukuqonda lezi zici zengqondo kusisiza sibone ukuthi impikiswano yezepolitiki ayimayelana nedatha nezinhlelo kuphela, kodwa futhi imayelana nendlela abantu abacabanga ngayo, abazizwa ngayo, nabenza ngayo amaqembu. Ngalokhu kuqwashisa, umphakathi ungaba ngogxeka kakhulu, uqine kakhulu ekuphathweni kabi, futhi ukwazi ukuxoxisana kahle phakathi kokungafani.
Uma ufisa, ngingenza futhi inguqulo yalesi sihloko ngezibonelo zamacala e-Indonesia (isibonelo ezihlobene nemikhankaso yedijithali, ukwahlukana, noma ukwakheka kwezinqubomgomo ezithile) noma ngengeze izinkomba kwezinye izinkolelo-mbono zengqondo zezemfundo.
