Incazelo yamandla kagesi
Ku-conductor efana nethusi, kukhona ama-electron ahamba ngokungahleliwe ngesivinini esikhulu kodwa angaphumi ensimbini. Ama-electron angahamba ngokukhululeka abizwa ngokuthi ama-electron akhululekile. Nakuba ama-electron ehamba ngokukhululeka kuzo zonke izinhlangothi, akukho ukugeleza okuphelele kwama-electron ohlangothini oluthile. Lesi simo senzeka lapho kungekho mehluko ongaba khona phakathi kwezinhlangothi ezimbili zocingo lwethusi.
Uma ucingo luxhunywe emthonjeni kagesi, kuvela umehluko ongaba khona phakathi kwezinhlangothi ezimbili zocingo lwethusi, ukuze kuvele insimu kagesi ngaphakathi kocingo lwethusi. Ukuba khona kwensimu kagesi kubangela ukuthi ama-electron akhululekile abhekane namandla kagesi F = q E = e E, lapho F = amandla kagesi , e = ukushaja kwama-electron, E = insimu kagesi . La mandla kagesi abangela ukuthi wonke ama-electron ahamba ngokukhululeka asheshise ndawonye, okuyindlela efanayo namandla kagesi.
Ama-electron akhululekile ahamba ndawonye aphakathi kwama-athomu asele entanjeni yethusi ukuze wonke ama-electron ashayisane nama-athomu. Ukushayisana kubangela ukuthi indlela yama-electron akhululekile ishintshe. Wonke lawa ma-electron ahlala ezwa amandla kagesi ukuze wonke ama-electron asheshiswe ngendlela efanayo nendlela yamandla kagesi. Ngemva kokuhamba isikhashana, ama-electron akhululekile ashayisana nama-athomu entanjeni yethusi. Kodwa ama-electron akhululekile ahlala ezwa amandla kagesi ukuze wonke ama-electron asheshiswe futhi. Ngakho-ke ngaphandle kokuhamba ngokungahleliwe ngezindlela ezahlukene, wonke ama-electron akhululekile ahamba kancane ndawonye ngendlela yamandla kagesi futhi ngendlela ephambene nensimu kagesi. Indlela yensimu kagesi isuka kumandla kagesi aphezulu iye kumandla kagesi aphansi, kuyilapho ama-electron ehamba esuka kumandla aphansi iye kumandla aphezulu. Ukunyakaza okungahleliwe kwe-electron ngayinye ekhululekile kunesivinini esisheshayo kakhulu, kuyilapho ukunyakaza ngama-electron amahhala endleleni yamandla kagesi kunesivinini esiphansi kakhulu. Lokhu kunyakaza ngama-electron akhululekile endleleni yamandla kagesi kubizwa nangokuthi isivinini sokukhukhuleka.
Ugesi wamanje uchazwa njengokugeleza kweshaja kagesi ngokusebenzisa ingxenye evundlile yomqhubi ngesikhathi esithile. Ngokuvumelana nesivumelwano, isiqondiso sogesi wamanje sifana nesiqondiso seshaja enhle. Lesi sivumelwano senziwa ngaphambi kokuba kwaziwe ukuthi okuhambayo ngempela kumqhubi ngama-electron angenawo amandla anele. Isiqondiso sokuhamba kwama-electron kumqhubi siphambene nesiqondiso sogesi wamanje. Ngakho-ke uma sixoxa ngogesi ogeleza kumqhubi, okushiwoyo ukugeleza kweshaja enhle, okubizwa nangokuthi ugesi ojwayelekile ngoba kuwumphumela wesivumelwano.
Isibalo samandla kagesi
Ngokwezibalo, ugesi uboniswa yi-equation:
Mina = ΔUmbuzo / Δt
I = ugesi wamanje, ΔQ = inani lokushaja kukagesi, Δt = isikhawu sesikhathi.
Iyunithi yamandla kagesi
Iyunithi yokushaja kagesi yiCoulomb, iyunithi yesikhathi ingeyesibili, ngakho iyunithi yamandla kagesi yiCoulomb/yesibili. ICoulomb/yesibili ibizwa nangokuthi i-Ampere, igama lesazi sesayensi yefiziksi saseFrance u-Andre Marie Ampere (1775-1836). I-Ampere eyi-1 = 1 Coulomb/yesibili (1 A = 1 C/s). Ngamanye amazwi, amandla kagesi ayi-1 Ampere alingana neshaja kagesi eyi-1 Coulomb edlula endaweni yentambo enqamulayo isekhondi eli-1. Ngaphandle kokuvezwa kuma-Ampere, amandla kagesi nawo abonakaliswa ngama-milliamperes (1 mA = 10-3 A), ama-microampere (1 μA = 10-6 A), ama-nano amperes (1 nA = 10-9 A) noma ama-picoamperes (1 pA = 10-12 A).
Inkinga yesampula 1:
Ugesi wama-Ampere ama-2 ugeleza ngentambo imizuzwana eyi-8. Thola inani leshaja elidlula ephuzwini kanye nenani lama-electron kuleyo shaja!
Kwaziwa:
Amandla kagesi (I) = 1 Ampere
Isikhawu sesikhathi (t) = imizuzwana eyi-2
Okufunayo: ukushaja (Q) kanye nenani lama-electron (e)
Isixazululo:
Isibalo samandla kagesi:
I = Q/t
I = ugesi wamanje, Q = ukushaja kagesi, t = isikhathi esiphakathi
Ishaja kagesi:
Q = I t = (2 Ampere)(imizuzwana engu-8) = 16 C.
Ishaja ye-electron eyodwa ingu-1.6 x 10-19 I-Coulomb, ngakho-ke ishaja ye-16 I-Coulomb inama-electron amaningi njenge-16 C / 1.6 x 10-19 I-Coulomb = 10 x 1019 ama-electron.
Amandla kagesi, isivinini sokukhukhuleka, kanye nobuningi bamanje
Buyekeza ishaja enhle ehamba ngakwesokudla ngesivinini, izulazula v ibheke ensimini kagesi E
kumqhubi onendawo enqamula isigaba A. Ishaja eqondile iqhubekela phambili kuze kufike ku-s = vt ngesikhathi sesikhawu sesikhathi u-t.
Uma inani lezinhlayiya ezishajiwe ngevolumu ngayinye (ubuningi bezinhlayiya ezishajiwe) lingu-n futhi ivolumu yomqhubi ingu-A s = A vt,
khona-ke inani lezinhlayiya ezishajiwe kuvolumu yomqhubi ngu-n A v t. Uma inhlayiya ngayinye eshajiwe inomshaja ongu-q khona-ke inani lomshaja odlula ekugcineni komqhubi ngesikhathi sesikhawu u-t ngu-Q = nq A v t. Ngakho-ke, umsinga kagesi ogeleza ngesihloko somqhubi ngu-I = Q / t = nq A v. Kanti ubuningi bamanje noma umsinga endaweni ngayinye yesigaba u-A ngu-J = I / A = nq v.
Kungaphethwa ngokuthi ukugeleza kwamandla kagesi kumqhubi kungumphumela wokuphindaphindwa kobuningi bezinhlayiya ezishajiwe (n),
inani lokushaja kwenhlayiya ngayinye (q), indawo yomqhubi (A) kanye nesivinini sezinhlayiya ezishajiwe (v).
Funda imibuzo elandelayo eyisibonelo.
Inkinga yesampula 2:
Ugesi oqhubekayo wama-ampere ayi-10 ugeleza ocingweni lwethusi olunendawo yesigaba esingu-3 x 10-6 m2. Ubuningi bama-electron amahhala bungu-8.4 x 1028 ama-electron/m3Thola isivinini sokukhukhuleka kwama-electron mahhala!
Kwaziwa:
Amandla kagesi (I) = 10 Ampere
Indawo yezingxenye zezintambo (A) = 3 x 10-6 m2
Ubuningi bama-electron wamahhala (n) = 8.4 x 1028 m-3
Ishaja ye-electron (q) = 1.6 x 10-19 C
Okufunayo: Isivinini sokukhukhuleka kwama-electron mahhala (v)
Isixazululo:
Ijubane lama-electron libalwa kusetshenziswa ifomula etholakale ngaphambili:
I = ugesi wamanje, n = ubuningi bezinhlayiya ezishajiwe = ubuningi bama-electron, q = ishaja eyodwa yama-electron, A = indawo enqamulayo yomqhubi, v = ijubane lokukhukhuleka kwama-electron
Ijubane lokukhukhuleka kwama-electron lingu-0.248 x 10-3 amamitha/isekhondi = 0.248 amamilimitha/isekhondi.
Ama-electron amahhala ahamba ndawonye ngentambo ngesivinini samamilimitha angu-0.248 ngomzuzwana. Ngamanye amazwi, njalo ngomzuzwana, wonke ama-electron amahhala ahamba aze afike kumamilimitha angu-0.248. Lesi isivinini esihamba kancane kakhulu. Uma ukunyakaza kwama-electron amahhala kuhamba kancane kakhulu, kungani isibani sikagesi sivuleka ngokushesha ngemva kokuvulwa kweswishi?
Ukuze uqonde lokhu, ama-electron ageleza ku-conductor njengokugeleza kwamanzi ngaphakathi kwepayipi. Uma ipayipi ligcwele amanzi uma ingxenye eyodwa yepayipi ixhunywe empompini, amanzi ageleza ngokushesha esuka komunye umkhawulo wepayipi. Ngokufanayo, kukhona ama-electron akhululekile entambo yethusi kanye nentambo yebhalbhu yokukhanya. Lapho iswishi ivuliwe, kuvela insimu kagesi ngesivinini esisondela esivinini sokukhanya (isivinini sokukhanya = 3 x 108 amamitha/umzuzwana), okubangela ukuthi ama-electron amahhala aqale ukuhamba ndawonye ngaleso sikhathi. Sekuvele kukhona ama-electron amahhala entanjeni yebhalbhu yokukhanya ukuze ukukhanya kukhanye ngaleso sikhathi.
Izinkinga nezixazululo
1. Ugesi ozinzile ongu-10 A ukhona entanjeni imizuzu emi-2. Ingakanani inani ukukhokha idlula kumqhubi kunoma iyiphi indawo.
Kwaziwa:
Amandla kagesi (I) = 10 A
Isikhawu sesikhathi (t) = imizuzu emi-2 = imizuzwana emi-2 x engama-60 = imizuzwana eyi-120
Kufunwa: Inkokhelo (Q)
Isixazululo:
Isibalo samandla kagesi:
I = q/t
I = ugesi wamanje, q = ishaja kagesi, t = isikhawu sesikhathi
Ishaja kagesi:
Q = It = (10)(120) = 1200 C
2. Ishaja engu-60 C idlula endaweni ethile kusekethe imizuzu emi-5. Uyini ugesi?
Kwaziwa:
Isikhathi esiphakathi (t) = imizuzu emi-5 = imizuzwana emi-5 x engama-60 = imizuzwana engama-300
Ishaja kagesi (Q) = 60 C
Kufunwa: Ugesi wamanje (I)
Isixazululo:
Ugesi wamanje:
I = Q/t
Mina = 60/300
I = 0.2 Ama-Coulombs/isekhondi
I = 0.2 Ampere
3. Iyunithi yamandla kagesi ohlelweni lwe-SI…
Isixazululo
Ama-Coulombs/isekhondi
Ama-Coulombs/amasekhondi, anikezwe igama elikhethekile, i-Ampere.
