# Incazelo ye-Physical Oceanography
I-Oceanography igatsha lesayensi yoMhlaba elifunda izilwandle nazo zonke izici ezihlobene, okuhlanganisa izakhiwo zamanzi olwandle ezingokwenyama, zamakhemikhali, ze-geological, kanye nezebhayoloji, kanye nokusebenzisana phakathi kolwandle nomoya. Kulezi zifundo ezingaphansi ezahlukene ngaphakathi kwe-oceanography, enye yezifundo eziyisisekelo kakhulu yi-physical oceanography. I-physical oceanography igatsha eligxile ekufundweni kwezakhiwo zomzimba kanye nokuguquguquka kolwandle. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ucwaningo ngokuhamba kwamanzi olwandle, ukujikeleza kolwandle, amagagasi, amagagasi , izinga lokushisa, usawoti (okuqukethwe kukasawoti), kanye nokusebenzisana phakathi kolwandle nomoya.
## Umlando We- Oceanography Ebonakalayo
Ucwaningo lokuqala lolwandle lunezimpande ezijulile kakhulu. AbaseGibhithe basendulo kanye namaFenike babesebenzisa ulwandle ukuze bahwebe futhi bazulazule, futhi ulwazi olusekelwe ebufakazini lolwandle lwabasiza ukuba bahambe ngokuphepha. Ucwaningo olusemthethweni lwesayensi mhlawumbe lungabalelwa kumaGreki asendulo, lapho abantu abanjengo-Aristotle benza khona ukuqaphela kwasekuqaleni izenzakalo zasolwandle. Kodwa-ke, ucwaningo oluhlelekile lwe-oceanography ebonakalayo aluzange luqale ngempela kwaze kwaba yikhulu le-19, ngokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe kanye nezinsimbi zokulinganisa ezinembile kakhulu.
Omunye wemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu emlandweni we-oceanography kwaba uhambo lwe-HMS Challenger lwango-1872-1876. Lolu hambo lwanikeza ukuqonda okuningi ngezimo zomzimba nezamakhemikhali zolwandle, futhi idatha yalo yaba yisisekelo socwaningo oluningi lwe-oceanography emashumini eminyaka alandela.
## Ukuzungeza Ulwandle
Ukugeleza kolwandle kuyisici esibalulekile se-oceanography ebonakalayo esiza ukuqonda ukuthi amanzi ahamba kanjani olwandle. Lokhu kugeleza kungahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezimbili eziyinhloko: ukugeleza kwamanzi ebusweni kanye nokugeleza kwamanzi ngokujulile.
### Ukuzungeza Komphezulu
Ukugeleza kwamanzi ebusweni kuqhutshwa kakhulu ngumoya. Amaphethini omoya womhlaba wonke adala imisinga yamanzi ebusweni ebanzi futhi eyinkimbinkimbi. Umsinga wamanzi ongaphezulu owaziwa kakhulu yiGulf Stream eNyakatho ye-Atlantic, ethwala amanzi afudumele esuka ezindaweni ezishisayo eya olwandle lwaseNtshonalanga Yurophu. Le modeli yamandla ongaphezulu ibalulekile ekusatshalalisweni kokushisa eMhlabeni, ithonya isimo sezulu sesifunda, futhi ilula ukuthuthwa kolwandle.
### Ukugeleza Kwangaphakathi
Eyaziwa nangokuthi ukujikeleza kwe-thermohaline, ukujikeleza kolwandle okujulile kuthonywa ukushintshashintsha kwezinga lokushisa kanye nosawoti. Amanzi abandayo, anosawoti avame ukuba makhulu futhi acwile, kuyilapho amanzi afudumele, anosawoti omncane ekhuphukela phezulu. Le nqubo idala ukujikeleza okukhulu komhlaba wonke okuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi "ibhande lokuhambisa" lolwandle lomhlaba wonke. Leli bhande lokuhambisa lidlala indima ebalulekile ekulawuleni isimo sezulu soMhlaba ngokusabalalisa ukushisa okuvela ezindaweni ezishisayo kuya ezimpondweni.
## Amagagasi namagagasi
### Igagasi
Amagagasi olwandle avame ukubangelwa umoya ovunguza phezu kolwandle. Amagagasi angasukela emagagasini amancane kuya emagagasini amakhulu angalimaza izakhiwo futhi abangele izikhukhula zolwandle. Amagagasi adlala indima ebalulekile ekugugulekeni kolwandle , ukuthuthwa kwenhlabathi, kanye nokusebenzisana phakathi kolwandle nomoya.
### Ukunyuka nokuhla
Amagagasi abangelwa ukukhangana okunamandla phakathi koMhlaba, iNyanga, neLanga. Lokhu kudonswa kwamandla adonsela phansi kubangela amanzi olwandle ukuba anyakaze, okudala izimo zamagagasi aphezulu naphansi. Amagagasi anemijikelezo yansuku zonke neyenyanga futhi anomthelela omkhulu ezintweni eziphilayo zasogwini kanye nemisebenzi yabantu ezindaweni ezisogwini.
## Izici Ezibonakalayo: Izinga Lokushisa Nosawoti
### Izinga lokushisa
Izinga lokushisa lamanzi olwandle liyahlukahluka kakhulu kuye ngokuthi indawo ikuphi, ukujula, kanye nesizini. Izinguquko zokushisa olwandle zithinta ukuminyana kwamanzi, okuthonya ukujikeleza kolwandle. Ngakho-ke, idatha yokushisa kolwandle ibalulekile ezifundweni ezibonakalayo zolwandle. Ubuchwepheshe besimanje obufana namasathelayithi nezinzwa zangaphansi kwamanzi buvumela ososayensi ukuthi baqaphe amazinga okushisa olwandle ngesikhathi sangempela nangesinqumo esiphezulu.
### Usawoti
Usawoti ulinganisa inani likasawoti oncibilikisiwe emanzini olwandle, futhi uthinta nobuningi bamanzi. Ukwehluka kosawoti kungabangelwa yizici eziningi, okuhlanganisa ukuhwamuka, imvula, ukuncibilika kweqhwa, kanye nokugeleza kwemifula olwandle. Njengokushisa, usawoti uphinde uthinte ukujikeleza kolwandle kanye nezinqubo zezinto eziphilayo ngaphakathi kolwandle.
## Ukusebenzisana Kolwandle Nomkhathi
Ukusebenzisana phakathi kolwandle nomoya kubalulekile ekunqumeni isimo sezulu somhlaba. Ulwandle lumunca, lugcine, futhi lukhiphe ukushisa okuvela elangeni, ludlala indima ebalulekile ekulawuleni izinga lokushisa lomoya. Ulwandle luphinde lukhiphe umhwamuko wamanzi, ozobe usudala amafu futhi ukhiqize imvula.
Izenzakalo ezifana ne-El Niño ne-La Niña ziyizibonelo zokusebenzisana okuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kolwandle nomoya othinta izimo zezulu zomhlaba. I-El Niño iyinto lapho amazinga okushisa olwandle ePacific ephakathi nasempumalanga efudumele kunokujwayelekile, okuholela ezinguqukweni zezulu ezahlukahlukene emhlabeni wonke, njengezikhukhula kwezinye izindawo kanye nesomiso kwezinye.
## Izindlela Zanamuhla Zokufunda Ngolwandle Okubonakalayo
Ubuchwepheshe besimanje bushintshe indlela esihlola ngayo ulwandle. Amasathelayithi, izinzwa zangaphansi kwamanzi, izimoto ezingenamuntu, kanye namamodeli ekhompyutha ayinkimbinkimbi avumela ososayensi ukuthi baqoqe idatha ngokunemba okukhulu nobubanzi obungakaze bubonwe.
### Isathelayithi
Amasathelayithi azungeza uMhlaba anganikeza idatha ngokushisa kolwandle, ukuphakama kwezinga lolwandle, kanye nokusatshalaliswa kweqhwa lolwandle. Lokhu kunikeza ulwazi olungenakwenzeka ukulithola ngokubukwa kwemikhumbi noma izinsimbi ezisekelwe ebusweni kuphela.
### Inzwa Engaphansi Kwamanzi
Izinzwa ezingaphansi kwamanzi, njenge-Argo floats, ziqoqa ngokuzimela idatha ngokushisa kolwandle, usawoti, kanye nemisinga ekujuleni okuhlukahlukene. Le datha ibe isidluliselwa emuva ezweni ngezinhlelo zokuxhumana zesathelayithi. Lokhu kuvumela ososayensi ukuthi baqaphe ulwandle ngesikhathi sangempela.
### Imodeli Yekhompyutha
Amamodeli ekhompyutha ayinkimbinkimbi angalingisa ukuguquguquka kolwandle ngemininingwane emangalisayo. Lawa mamodeli asebenzisa idatha yokubuka ukubikezela amaphethini okujikeleza kwegazi, ukusebenzisana kolwandle nomoya-mpilo, kanye nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu esikhathini esizayo. Lawa mamodeli awusizo futhi ekuqondeni imiphumela yemisebenzi yabantu, njengokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kanye nokungcola, olwandle.
## Isiphetho
I-oceanography ebonakalayo idlala indima ebalulekile ekuqondeni kwethu ukuthi izilwandle zisebenza kanjani nokuthi zixhumana kanjani nomkhathi kanye nezinye izimiso zemvelo zomhlaba. Ngomlando omude wocwaningo kanye nokuthuthuka kwezobuchwepheshe besimanje, lo mkhakha uyaqhubeka nokuthuthuka ngokushesha. Ngokuqonda ukuguquguquka okubonakalayo kolwandle, asikwazi nje ukubikezela ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kanye nezimo zezulu ezimbi kakhulu kodwa futhi silawule kangcono izinsiza zasolwandle. Ekugcineni, ulwazi olutholakala kwi- oceanography engokoqobo lubalulekile emizamweni yomhlaba wonke yokuqonda nokuvikela iplanethi yethu.
