Ucwaningo Lokusatshalaliswa Kwezinga Lokushisa Lolwandle ku-El Niño kanye ne-La Niña Phenomena
I-Pendahuluan
Izinga Lokushisa Lolwandle (i-SST) lingenye yezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu ohlelweni lwesimo sezulu soMhlaba. Ulwandle lugcina futhi lukhiphe amandla okushisa amaningi, ngakho-ke izinguquko ezincane ku-SST zingabangela izinguquko ekujikelezeni komoya kusuka endaweni kuya emhlabeni wonke. Ngokwesimo sezulu esishisayo, ucwaningo lwe-SST luhlobene kakhulu nezenzakalo ze-El Niño ne-La Niña, eziyingxenye yohlelo lwe-ENSO (El Niño–Southern Oscillation). I-ENSO iwukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu kwemvelo okwenzeka ikakhulukazi e-Pacific Ocean enkabazwe futhi kunomthelela omkhulu ku imvula, izinga lokushisa lomoya, umoya, iziphepho zasezindaweni ezishisayo, kanye nokukhiqiza kwezinhlanzi.
Lesi sihloko sixoxa ngendlela ukusatshalaliswa kwe-SST okwakheka futhi kushintsha ngayo ngesikhathi se-El Niño kanye ne-La Niña, izinkomba ezisetshenziswa ukuqapha lezi zimo, izindlela zomzimba ezixhumanisa ulwandle nomoya, kanye nemiphumela yazo ku- Indawo yase-Indonesia.
Imiqondo Eyisisekelo Izinga Lokushisa Lolwandle kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwayo
I-SST izinga lokushisa lesendlalelo izinga lolwandle ngokuvamile okulinganiswa ngokujula kwamamilimitha amaningana kuya kwamamitha amaningana. Ukusatshalaliswa kwe-SST kuthonywa imisebe yelanga, ukuhwamuka, ukushintshana kokushisa nomoya, imisinga yolwandle, kanye nenqubo yokuxubana ngenxa yomoya. Ezindaweni ezishisayo, i-SST ivame ukufudumala ngenxa yokwamukelwa kwemisebe yelanga ephezulu unyaka wonke. Kodwa-ke, akuzona zonke izifunda indawo eshisayo inezinga lokushisa elingaphezulu okufanayo: imisinga yolwandle, amaphethini omoya okhuphukayo, kanye nomoya wokuhweba kungakhiqiza “izindawo” zamanzi afudumele kanye nezindawo ezibandayo.
E-Pacific Ocean enkabazwe, ukusatshalaliswa kwe-SST ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile akulingani: ingxenye esentshonalanga (eduze kwe-Indonesia nePapua New Guinea) ifudumele, kanti ingxenye esempumalanga (eduze nogu lwasePeru-Ecuador) ipholile. Lokhu kungalingani kwenzeka ngoba imimoya yezohwebo ivunguza isuka empumalanga iye entshonalanga, iphoqa amanzi afudumele ukuba aqoqeke entshonalanga yePacific, kuyilapho amanzi abandayo ekhuphuka evela ezingqimbeni ezingezansi empumalanga yePacific.
I-ENSO: Ubudlelwano Bolwandle Nomkhathi
I-ENSO akuyona nje into engavamile izinga lokushisa lolwandle, kodwa kunalokho ukuxhumana okubili phakathi kolwandle nomoya. Izinguquko ku-SST zithonya ukwakheka kwamafu kanye nezikhungo zokudonsa umoya emoyeni oshisayo. Ngokuphambene nalokho, izinguquko emaphethini omoya zishintsha imisinga engaphezulu, ukujula kwe-thermocline (umngcele phakathi kwamanzi afudumele aphezulu namanzi abandayo angaphansi), kanye nokuqina kokuphakama.
Ngaphansi kwezimo "ezingathathi hlangothi", isikhungo sokujikeleza esisebenza kakhulu sitholakala ngaphezu kwePacific efudumele entshonalanga. I-Walker Circulation—iphethini yokujikeleza komoya empumalanga-ntshonalanga ezindaweni ezishisayo—isunduza umoya phezulu phezu kwalesi sifunda esifudumele, bese iqhubekela empumalanga ezingqimbeni eziphezulu, yehle phezu kwePacific empumalanga, bese ibuyela entshonalanga eduze kobuso njengemimoya yokuhweba.
Ukusatshalaliswa kwe-SST phakathi ne-El Niño
I-El Niño ibonakala ngokufudumala okungavamile kwama-SST enkabeni yePacific kuya empumalanga. Lokhu kufudumala kuvame ukubonakala kahle esifundeni se-Niño index, ikakhulukazi i-Niño 3.4 (cishe ama-5°N–5°S kanye nama-170°W–120°W), okuvame ukusetshenziswa njengesibonakaliso sokusebenza.
Izindlela Eziyinhloko Zomzimba
1. Ubuthakathaka bemimoya yokuhweba: Lapho imimoya yokuhweba ibuthakathaka, ukusunduza kwamanzi afudumele ngasentshonalanga kuyancipha. amanzi amaningi Umoya ofudumele owawukade “unqwabelana” entshonalanga ubuyela emuva enkabeni nasempumalanga.
2. Izinguquko ekujuleni kwe-thermocline: I-thermocline empumalanga yePacific iya ngokuya ijula, okuvumela ukuphakama ukuthi kungenise amanzi afudumele kakhulu kunokujwayelekile. Ngenxa yalokho, ukupholisa ubuso empumalanga kuyancishiswa.
3. Impendulo kaBjerknes: Ukufudumala kwe-SST empumalanga kubangela ukuthi i-convection isuke iye empumalanga, okwenza imimoya yezohwebo ibe buthaka kakhulu. Ubuthakathaka bemimoya yezohwebo bese kukhulisa ukufudumala kwe-SST. Lokhu kudala i-feedback loop enhle evumela i-El Niño ukuthi ikhule.
Iphethini Yokusabalalisa
Esicongweni se-El Niño, “ulimi lwamanzi afudumele” lusuka ePacific ephakathi luye ogwini lwaseNingizimu Melika. Umehluko wokushisa osentshonalanga-mpumalanga uyancipha. Ngokwendawo, ukungalingani okuhle kwe-SST kungasakazeka futhi kuqhubeke izinyanga. Ama-El Niño awafani ngaso sonke isikhathi; kunezinhlobo “ze-Eastern Pacific El Niño” (ezifudumala kakhulu empumalanga) kanye nezinhlobo “ze-Central Pacific/Modoki El Niño” (ukufudumala okunamandla maphakathi), ezinemithelela ehlukene kumaphethini esimo sezulu sesifunda.
Ukusatshalaliswa kwe-SST phakathi ne-La Niña
I-La Niña yisigaba esiphambene, esibonakala ngokupholisa okungajwayelekile kwama-SST enkabeni yePacific kuya empumalanga. Ngesikhathi seLa Niña, izimo "ezijwayelekile" ziyaqiniswa: i-Pacific esentshonalanga iyafudumala kanti i-Pacific empumalanga iyaphola.
Izindlela Eziyinhloko Zomzimba
1. Ukuqinisa imimoya yezohwebo: Imimoya yohwebo enamandla isunduza amanzi afudumele amaningi ngasentshonalanga, okwandisa ukunqwabelana kwamanzi afudumele e-Indonesia.
2. Ukuphakama okukhulu: Empumalanga yePacific, imimoya enamandla yandisa ukuphakama kwamanzi abandayo, okuholela ekwehleni kwama-SST.
3. Ukuqinisa ukujikeleza kwe-Walker: I-Convection isalokhu inamandla entshonalanga, imvula yanda e-Indonesia nasezindaweni ezizungezile, kuyilapho iPacific ephakathi nempumalanga ivame ukuba yomile.
Iphethini Yokusabalalisa
I-La Niña ibonakala ngokungalingani kwe-SST okusakazekile kulo lonke i-Pacific ephakathi nendawo, okuvame ukwakha iphethini "yolimi olubandayo" evelele kakhulu kunezimo ezingathathi hlangothi. Okwamanje, amanzi asentshonalanga yePacific kanye ne-Indonesia angaba nokungalingani kwe-SST okuhle, okunikeza ukuhlinzekwa okukhulu kwamandla okwakheka kwamafu emvula.
Indlela Yokuqapha Nokuhlaziya Ukusatshalaliswa kwe-SST
Izifundo zokusatshalaliswa kwe-SST ngokumelene ne-ENSO ngokuvamile zihilela inhlanganisela yedatha yokubuka. kanye nokuhlaziywa kwendawo nesikhathi:
1. Amasathelayithi okuzwa kude: Izinzwa ze-infrared kanye ne-microwave zingamaka i-SST emhlabeni jikelele ngesisombululo esiphezulu impela. Idatha yesathelayithi Kubalulekile ukubona ukusabalala kwezimo ezingavamile, amazinga okushisa, kanye nokuguquka kwanyanga zonke.
2. Ama-Buoys nama-Argo floats: Amanethiwekhi e-Buoy njenge-TAO/TRITON e-Pacific enkabazwe kanye ne-Argo ahlinzeka ngedatha yokushisa efinyelela ekujuleni kwamamitha angamakhulu, okusiza ekuhloleni izinguquko ku-thermocline kanye "nokuqukethwe kokushisa kolwandle."
3. Izinkomba ze-ENSO: I-Niño 3.4 Index, i-Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), kanye ne-Oceanic Niño Index (ONI) zivame ukusetshenziswa ukuthola isigaba, ubukhali, kanye nobude be-El Niño/La Niña.
4. Izimo ezingavamile ze-SST: Ukuhlaziywa kuvame ukubala umehluko ku-SST kuya kwesimo sezulu (isilinganiso sesikhathi eside) ukuze kutholakale amaphethini okufudumala/okupholisa angajwayelekile.
Ocwaningweni, imiboniso efana namamephu e-SST anomaly, imidwebo ye-Hovmöller (isikhathi vs. i-longitude), kanye nokuhlaziywa kokuhlobana nemvula ye-zonal nomoya kuvame ukusetshenziswa ukuqonda ubudlelwano bendawo be-ENSO.
Umthelela Wokusatshalaliswa Kwe-ENSO SST e-Indonesia
Indawo yase-Indonesia esifundeni sasolwandle esishisayo ibucayi kakhulu ezinguqukweni zezikhungo zokuhambisa umoya. Ngesikhathi se-El Niño, ukufudumala ePacific ephakathi nendawo kususa isikhungo sokwakheka kwamafu e-Indonesia. Imiphumela evamile ihlanganisa ukwehla kwemvula, ukwanda kwamathuba esomiso, ukuphazamiseka kwezolimo, kanye namathuba omlilo wamahlathi nowezwe. Kwezinye izimo ezinzima, isizini eyomile ingandiswa futhi isizini yemvula ingaqala kamuva.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngesikhathi seLa Niña, amanzi azungeze i-Indonesia avame ukuba afudumele, akhuthaze ukuhwamuka kanye nokwakheka kwamafu. Lokhu kwandisa imvula, kwandisa ingozi yezikhukhula kanye nokudilika komhlaba, futhi kubangele izehlakalo zesimo sezulu esibi kakhulu , njengemvula enkulu. Kodwa-ke, umthelela e-Indonesia awunqunywanga yi-ENSO kuphela; izici ezifana ne -Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), imvula enkulu yase-Asia-Australia, kanye nokuguquguquka kwendawo (indawo kanye nemisinga yesifunda) nakho kushintsha impendulo.
Isiphetho
Ukusatshalaliswa kwezinga lokushisa lolwandle kubalulekile ekuqondeni intuthuko ye-El Niño ne-La Niña ngoba i-SST idlala indima eqondile ekulawuleni ukushintshaniswa kwamandla olwandle nomoya kanye nendawo yokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu esishisayo. I-El Niño ibonakala ngokufudumala kwe-SST okungavamile ePacific ephakathi nempumalanga ngenxa yemimoya yokuhweba ebuthakathaka, ukujula kwe-thermocline empumalanga, kanye nempendulo ye-Bjerknes. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iLa Niña iqinisa i-gradient yokushisa entshonalanga-empumalanga ngokuqinisa imimoya yokuhweba kanye nokuphakama, okwenza iPacific ibe yi- impumalanga ipholile futhi amanzi ase-Indonesia kufudumele kakhulu.
Ukuqapha kwe-ENSO ngamamephu e-SST anomaly, inkomba ye-Niño 3.4/ONI, kanye nokubonwa kwekholomu amanzi olwandle aba yisisekelo kubalulekile ekubikezeleni isimo sezulu sonyaka. E-Indonesia, ukuqonda ukusatshalaliswa kwe-SST ehlobene ne-ENSO kubalulekile ekunciphiseni izingozi zesomiso, izikhukhula, ukungavikeleki kokudla, kanye nezinye izinhlekelele ze-hydrometeorological. Ngocwaningo oluthuthukisiwe kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwedatha yesathelayithi kanye nokubonwa kwendawo, izifundo ze-SST zingathuthukisa ukunemba kwezibikezelo zesimo sezulu futhi ziqinise ukuqina komphakathi ekuguqukeni kwesimo sezulu.
