Ukuhlaziywa Kwamagagasi Olwandle kanye Nomthelela Wawo Emisebenzini Yokuthumela E-Indonesia
I-Indonesia yaziwa njengezwe elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni elineziqhingi nemizila yolwandle engaphezu kuka-17.000 esebenza njengemithambo eyinhloko yokuhamba kwabantu nezimpahla. Kulesi simo, amagagasi olwandle akuyona nje into yemvelo ethakazelisayo okufanele ifundwe, kodwa futhi iyisici esinqumayo ekuphepheni, ekusebenzeni kahle, nasekuqhubekeni kwemisebenzi yokuthumela. Ukuhlaziywa kwamagagasi olwandle kubaluleke kakhulu ngoba isimo samanzi ase-Indonesia sithonywa yizimvula ezinkulu, i-Indonesian ngokusebenzisa ugesi (i-Arlindo), ukushintshashintsha kwesimo sezulu njenge-El Niño–La Niña, kanye nezici eziyinkimbinkimbi zezindawo. Lesi sihloko sixoxa ngomqondo oyisisekelo wamagagasi olwandle, izici ezakha wona, amaphethini amagagasi emanzini ase-Indonesia , kanye nomthelela wawo ekuthumeleni, okuhlanganisa namasu okunciphisa ukuthuthukisa ukuphepha.
Umqondo Oyisisekelo Wamagagasi Olwandle
Amagagasi olwandle ngokuvamile akhiwa ukudluliselwa kwamandla kusuka emoyeni kuya ebusweni bamanzi. Lapho umoya uvunguza phezu kolwandle, ukungqubuzana phakathi komoya namanzi kudala amagagasi abese eba amagagasi. Ubukhulu bamagagasi buthonywa yizici ezintathu eziyinhloko: isivinini somoya, ubude bomoya, kanye nokudonsa (ubude bendawo yamanzi umoya odlula kuyo ngaphandle kokuvinjelwa). Ngaphezu kwamagagasi omoya wendawo, kukhona namagagasi avunguzayo, amagagasi avela eziphephweni ezikude futhi angahamba izinkulungwane zamakhilomitha, avame ukufika emanzini ase-Indonesia ngisho nalapho isimo sezulu sendawo sibonakala sizolile.
Amapharamitha abalulekile ekuhlaziyweni kwamagagasi afaka ukuphakama kwamagagasi okuphawulekayo (Hs), isikhathi samagagasi (T), kanye nesiqondiso sokufika kwamagagasi. Ukuphakama kwamagagasi okuphawulekayo kuyisilinganiso sesithathu esiphezulu samagagasi ekubonweni futhi kuvame ukusetshenziswa njengesibonakaliso sezimo zolwandle zokuzulazula. Isikhathi samagagasi sibonisa isikhathi esiphakathi kwamagagasi amakhulu, okuhlobene namandla amagagasi kanye nenduduzo yomkhumbi. Ukuhlanganiswa kokuphakama kwamagagasi kanye nesikhathi kungadala izimo eziyingozi, isibonelo, amagagasi aphezulu anesikhathi eside akhiqiza amandla abalulekile futhi abhebhethekise ukugoqwa komkhumbi.
Izici Ezithinta Amagagasi Emanzini ase-Indonesia
Amanzi ase-Indonesia athonywa uhlelo lomoya lwesizini (i-monsoon) olushintsha indlela kabili ngonyaka. Imvula yasentshonalanga (cishe ngoNovemba kuya kuMashi) iletha imimoya evela e-Asia iye e-Australia, evame ukubangela amagagasi aphezulu emanzini asentshonalanga naseningizimu ye-Indonesia, ikakhulukazi i-Indian Ocean eningizimu yeJava, iBali, neNusa Tenggara. Okwamanje, imvula yasempumalanga (cishe ngoMeyi kuya kuSepthemba) iletha imimoya evela e-Australia iye e-Asia, evame ukwandisa amagagasi oLwandle iBanda , uLwandle i-Arafura, kanye namanzi aseningizimu yeNusa Tenggara.
Ngaphandle kwemvula, ukuma komhlaba kanye nokujula kolwandle kuthinta ulwandle. Ezindaweni ezincane ezifana neSunda Strait, iBali Strait , kanye neLombok Strait, amagagasi angasebenzisana nemisinga enamandla, akhe amagagasi amafushane, aqinile okwenza kube nzima ukuhamba. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ugu olubheke i-Indian Ocean luchayeka kakhulu ekukhukhumaleni, okuvumela amagagasi ukuba akhule phezulu ngisho nalapho imimoya yendawo ibuthakathaka.
Ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu emhlabeni wonke nakho kunethonya. I-El Niño ingashintsha amaphethini omoya nemvula , ithinte ukuqina kwamagagasi ngezikhathi ezithile. Isenzakalo se-Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) singakhulisa futhi ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu kanye nomsebenzi womoya, okubangela izimo zolwandle eziqinile nsuku zonke kuya masonto onke. Ngakho-ke, ukuhlaziywa kwamagagasi akukwazi ukuba okwesizini kuphela, kodwa kudinga ukuqapha okuguquguqukayo kanye nezibikezelo ezibuyekezwa njalo.
Amaphethini Amagagasi Emizileni Yokuthumela Eqondisiwe
I-Indonesia inemizila yokuthutha eqondiwe, njenge- Indonesian Archipelagic Sea Lane (ALKI), exhumanisa uLwandlekazi i-Indian kanye nePacific. Lo mzila ubalulekile ekuthuthweni kwemikhumbi ngaphakathi nangaphandle. Kodwa-ke, ezinye izingxenye ze-ALKI zisengozini yamagagasi aphezulu kanye nemisinga enamandla.
Amanzi aseningizimu yeJava kanye neNusa Tenggara aziwa njengenye yezindawo eziyinselele kakhulu ngenxa yokuchayeka kwawo ngqo e-Indian Ocean. Amanzi asuka eningizimu angadala amagagasi angamamitha angu-2-4 noma ngaphezulu ngezikhathi ezithile, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi semvula yasempumalanga. Empumalanga ye-Indonesia, uLwandle iBanda kanye ne-Arafura lungaba namagagasi aphezulu ngenxa yemimoya eqhubekayo yasempumalanga, kuyilapho amanzi asenyakatho afana noLwandle iNatuna kanye noLwandle iSouth China evame ukuthonywa yimvula yasentshonalanga, engabangela amagagasi amakhulu kanye nesimo sezulu esibi.
Emanzini aqinile namanzi amancane, amagagasi aphezulu awavamile ngaso sonke isikhathi, kodwa izimo eziyingozi kakhulu zingavela emagagasini amafushane, aqinile abangelwa ukusebenzisana komoya, imisinga, kanye ne-bathymetry engajulile. Imikhumbi emincane kanye nezikebhe zisengozini enkulu yalezi zimo.
Umthelela Wamagagasi Olwandle Emisebenzini Yokuthumela Imikhumbi
1. Izingozi Zokuphepha Nezingozi Zasemanzini
Amagagasi aphezulu andisa ingozi yezingozi ezifana nokuguguleka, izikhukhula, umonakalo wesakhiwo, ngisho nokulahlekelwa yimpahla. Imikhumbi emincane, izikebhe zokudoba zendabuko, kanye nemikhumbi yabagibeli ehamba ibanga elifushane ivame ukuba nokuzinza okulinganiselwe kanye nokuqina esimweni sezulu esibi. Amagagasi aqinile angabangela ukushaqeka (ukushayisana okukhulu komnsalo nomzimba). ubuso bamanzi) okulimaza isisu futhi kunciphisa ukulawula.
2. Ukuphazamiseka Kweshejuli kanye Nokulibaziseka Kwezokuthutha
Ukuthunyelwa kwezimpahla kuncike kakhulu ekuhambisaneni kwesheduli. Amagagasi aphezulu avame ukuphoqa ukuthi ukulibaziseka kokuhamba, ukushintsha indlela, noma ukusebenza kwechweba kuncishiswe. Ngenxa yalokho, ukusatshalaliswa kwezimpahla kuyaphazamiseka, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezikude ezincike olwandle. imikhumbi yezimpahla kanye nentela yolwandleAmaketanga okuphakelwa kwezidingo eziyisisekelo, uphethiloli, kanye nezinto zokwelapha angaphazamiseka, okwandise izindleko zokuthutha futhi kuthinte amanani esifundeni.
3. Imikhawulo Yokusebenza Amachweba kanye Nemisebenzi Ukulayisha nokukhipha
Amagagasi aphezulu ezindaweni zechweba noma eziteshini zokungena angaphazamisa ukusebenza kokuhamba kwemikhumbi kanye nokusebenza kokupaka. Ezichwebeni ezingenazo izivikelo zokuvimba amanzi, amagagasi angabangela ukunyakaza kwemikhumbi (ukuphakama nokuphakama) ngenkathi ipaka, okubangela ingozi kubasebenzi abahambisa imikhumbi. Imikhumbi yezitsha, abathwali bemithwalo emikhulu, kanye nemikhumbi ye-Ro-Ro zidinga izimo ezithile zokusebenza okuphephile.
4. Umthelela Wezomnotho Ezokudoba Nasezokuvakasha Kwasolwandle
Nakuba lesi sihloko sigxile kakhulu ekuthuthweni kwemikhumbi, amagagasi nawo athinta imikhakha ehlobene. Abadobi bavame ukukhansela uhambo oluya olwandle ngesikhathi samagagasi aphezulu, okunciphisa imali engenayo kanye nokunikezwa kwezinhlanzi. Ukuvakasha kwasolwandle, njengohambo lwesikebhe, ukuntywila emanzini, kanye nokusnorkeling, nakho kuyathinteka, njengoba ukuphepha kuba yinto eza kuqala.
Amasu Okunciphisa Nokuzivumelanisa Nezimo
1. Ukusetshenziswa Kwezibikezelo Zamagagasi kanye Nezinhlelo Zokuxwayisa Kusenesikhathi
I-BMKG (i-Meteorology, Climatology, kanye ne-Geophysics Agency) inikeza ulwazi lwesibikezelo sezulu sasolwandle, okuhlanganisa ukuphakama kwamagagasi, isiqondiso somoya, kanye nezixwayiso zakuqala. Abaqhubi bemikhumbi namachweba kufanele basebenzise lolu lwazi njengesisekelo sokwenza izinqumo, hhayi nje njengolwazi olwengeziwe. Ukuhlanganisa izibikezelo zamagagasi nezinhlelo zokuphatha imikhumbi kungasiza ekunqumeni izikhathi zokuhamba ngomkhumbi eziphephile nezisebenza kahle.
2. Izindinganiso Zokufaneleka Kokuthunyelwa Nokuphathwa Kwengozi
Ukuphoqelelwa kwemithethonqubo yokuphepha, ukuhlolwa njalo, kanye nezindinganiso zemithwalo kubalulekile. Izigameko eziningi olwandle azibangelwa nje amagagasi aphezulu, kodwa futhi zibangelwa ukulayisha ngokweqile, ukusatshalaliswa kwemithwalo engalingani, kanye nemishini yokuphepha enganele. Ukuqeqeshwa kwabasebenzi mayelana nokuzinza kwemikhumbi, izinqubo zesimo sezulu esibi, kanye nokuxhumana okuphuthumayo nakho kudinga ukuqiniswa.
3. Ukuhlela Umzila kanye Nokusebenza Kwechweba
Ukuhlela umzila okucabangela izimo zamagagasi kunganciphisa ubungozi. Imikhumbi ingakhetha imizila evikelekile kakhulu ngemuva kwamaqembu eziqhingi lapho kungenzeka khona. Ezikhumulweni, ukwakhiwa kwezindawo zokuvimba amanzi, izindawo zokuqondisa ezithuthukisiwe, kanye nokuphathwa kwethrafikhi yemikhumbi evumelana nesimo sezulu kungathuthukisa ukuphepha.
4. Ubuchwepheshe Bokubuka Namamodeli Amagagasi
Ukusetshenziswa kwama-wave buoy, i-wave radar, izithombe zesathelayithi, kanye namamodeli ezinombolo kungathuthukisa ukunemba kokuhlaziywa. Ezweni eliyi-archipelago njenge-Indonesia, ukugcina inethiwekhi enkulu yokubuka kuyinselele, kodwa ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo ezisekelwe kwisathelayithi kanye nokusebenzisana phakathi kwezinhlangano kunganikeza izixazululo zokwandisa ukumbozwa kokuqapha.
Isiphetho
Amagagasi olwandle ayisici esibalulekile ekwakheni ukuguquguquka kokuthunyelwa kwemikhumbi e-Indonesia. Ethonywe yizimvula ezinkulu, izimo zezwe, imisinga enamandla, kanye nokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu, amagagasi angathinta ngqo ukuphepha komkhumbi, izinto zokuhamba, ukusebenza kwechweba, kanye nemisebenzi yezomnotho encike ekuthuthweni kolwandle. Ngakho-ke, ukuhlaziywa kwamagagasi kumele kube yingxenye ebalulekile yokuhlela ukuthunyelwa kwemikhumbi: kusukela ekusebenziseni izibikezelo ze-BMKG, ukuthuthukisa amazinga okuphepha komkhumbi, ukuhlela umzila oguquguqukayo, kuya ekuqiniseni izinhlelo zokubuka kanye nezexwayiso zakuqala. Ngendlela yesayensi neyokubambisana, izingozi zamagagasi aphezulu zingancishiswa, zenze ukuthunyelwa kwemikhumbi e-Indonesia kuphephe, kusebenze kahle, futhi kuthembeke kakhudlwana, kusekela ukuxhumana kwezwe.
