Ithiyori Endogenic Ekukhuleni Komnotho Wanamuhla
Ukukhula komnotho kuyisihloko esiyinhloko kwezomnotho, ikakhulukazi ngoba kuhlobene ngqo nokuthuthukisa inhlalakahle yomphakathi, ukudala imisebenzi, kanye nekhono lezwe lokukhulisa amandla alo okukhiqiza. Kuwo wonke umlando wemicabango yezomnotho, izincazelo zokuthi kungani amanye amazwe ekhula ngokushesha kunamanye ziye zaqhubeka nokuguquka. Enye indlela ebilokhu inethonya elikhulu kusukela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20 ithiyori yokukhula kwemvelo, ithiyori egcizelela ukuthi umthombo oyinhloko wokukhula ungavela ezintweni ezakhiwe ngaphakathi kohlelo lwezomnotho, kunokuba zivela ezintweni zangaphandle kuphela noma "ezishaqisayo" zobuchwepheshe ezivela ngaphandle.
Ingemuva: Kusukela ku-Neoclassical Theory kuya ku-Endogenous Theory
Ngaphambi kokuba inkolelo-mbono ye-endogeneity ithandwe, amamodeli okukhula avelele ayengamamodeli e-neoclassical njengemodeli ye-Solow-Swan. Kula mamodeli, ukukhula kwesikhathi eside kunqunywa kakhulu yintuthuko yezobuchwepheshe yangaphandle—okusho ukuthi ubuchwepheshe kucatshangwa ukuthi buvela ngaphandle kwemodeli futhi izimbangela zayo azichazwa. Imali kanye nabasebenzi badlala indima, kodwa babhekene nokuncipha kwenzuzo. Ngakho-ke, ngaphandle kwentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, ukukhula komuntu ngamunye kuzohamba kancane ekugcineni.
Ukugxekwa okukhulu kwale ndlela ukuthi: uma ubuchwepheshe buyisihluthulelo sokukhula, kungani buvunyelwe “ukuwa esibhakabhakeni” ngaphandle kwencazelo? Ngaphezu kwalokho, imodeli yangaphandle iyahluleka ukuchaza ukuthi kungani izinqubomgomo zomphakathi, ukutshalwa kwezimali kwezemfundo, ucwaningo, kanye nezikhungo kungabangela umehluko ekukhuleni kuwo wonke amazwe.
Ithiyori yokukhula kwemvelo yavela ukuze ixazulule leli gebe. Empeleni, le thiyori izama ukuchaza intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe kanye nokukhiqiza njengomphumela wezinqumo zomnotho—isibonelo, isinqumo senkampani sokusungula izinto ezintsha, isinqumo somuntu ngamunye sokuya esikoleni, noma inqubomgomo kahulumeni yokukhuthaza ucwaningo nentuthuko.
Imibono Eyinhloko Yethiyori Yokukhula Engokwemvelo
Ithiyori ye-endogenous iqala ngemibono eminingana ebalulekile:
1. Ulwazi kanye nokusungula izinto ezintsha akuphikisani
Ngokungafani nezimpahla ezibonakalayo, ulwazi lungasetshenziswa amaqembu amaningi ngesikhathi esisodwa ngaphandle kokuthi "luphelelwe yisikhathi." Lapho inkampani eyodwa ithola indlela entsha yokukhiqiza, lolo lwazi lungasakazeka ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile futhi lwandise umkhiqizo wabanye. Lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi ukuchitheka kolwazi.
2. Ukwandisa imbuyiselo ngezinga (ukwandisa imbuyiselo)
Ngenxa yokuthi ulwazi lungasetshenziswa futhi futhi izindleko zokukhiqiza imibono emisha zivame ukuba phezulu ekuqaleni kodwa ziphansi ukuze ziphindaphindwe, iminotho ingabhekana nokukhula kwenzuzo ngezinga. Lokhu kuhlukile ekucabangeni kwe-neoclassical, okuvame ukugcizelela ukwehla kwenzuzo emalini.
3. Indima yokutshalwa kwezimali kwesikhathi eside ekhwalithini yezinsizakusebenza zabantu
Imfundo, impilo, ukuqeqeshwa, kanye nokufunda emsebenzini (ukufunda ngokwenza) kwandisa umkhiqizo. Ngokwemfundiso yemvelo, ingcebo yabantu akuyona nje into esekelayo kodwa iyinjini eyinhloko yokukhula.
4. Izinqubomgomo nezikhungo zithonya amazinga okukhula kwesikhathi eside.
Uma ukusungula izinto ezintsha kanye nokuqoqwa kolwazi kuyimiphumela yezinqumo zomnotho, khona-ke izinqubomgomo zentela, uxhaso lwe-R&D, ukuvikelwa kwempahla yobuhlakani, ikhwalithi yezikhulu, kanye nesimo sokuncintisana kuzothinta ukukhula kwesikhathi eside—hhayi nje amazinga okukhiqiza asheshayo.
Amamodeli Ayinhloko ku-Endogenous Theory
Ithiyori yokukhula kwemvelo yathuthukiswa ngamamodeli amaningana abalulekile.
1. Imodeli AK (Rebelo)
Imodeli ye-AK iyindlela elula ethi umphumela (Y) uncike ngokulinganayo enhlokodolobha (K): Y = AK. Azikho izinzuzo ezinciphayo, njengasemodelini ye-neoclassical. I-A ingabonisa ubuchwepheshe noma umkhiqizo ohlanganisiwe. Ngenxa yokuthi izinzuzo enhlokodolobha azinciphi, ukuqongelela imali kungaqhubeka nokuqhuba ukukhula kwesikhathi eside. Ekuchazeni kwanamuhla, "inhlokodolobha" ingafaka imali ebonakalayo kanye nemali yabantu noma ingqalasizinda.
2. Imodeli Yezabasebenzi Bomuntu (uLucas)
URobert Lucas ugcizelela ukuthi ukukhula kuvela ekuqongeleleni kwabantu ngemfundo nokufunda. Ukukhiqiza kwesisebenzi akuxhomekile nje kuphela emakhono aso kodwa futhi nasendaweni yaso yezenhlalo nezomnotho—isibonelo, umphumela wokuhlangana, lapho ulwazi lusakazeka khona ngokushesha. Ngakho-ke, ukutshalwa kwezimali emfundweni kungakhiqiza izinzuzo ezinkulu zomphakathi kunezinzuzo zangasese, okunikeza ubufakazi obuqinile bokungenelela kwenqubomgomo.
3. Imodeli ye-R&D kanye ne-Innovation (i-Romer)
UPaul Romer wethule uhlaka lapho izinkampani zenza ucwaningo lokudala izimpahla ezintsha eziphakathi, imiklamo emisha, noma ubuchwepheshe obusha. Ukusungula izinto ezintsha kukhiqiza ukukhula ngokwandisa ukuhlukahluka kokufaka kanye nokwandisa umkhiqizo. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokuthi ukudala imibono kuyabiza futhi kulula ukukopisha, kuvela izinkinga zesikhuthazo. Yilapho amalungelo obunikazi kanye nokuvikelwa kwempahla yobuhlakani kuqondakala khona njengezindlela zokukhuthaza ukusungula izinto ezintsha, naphezu kwamandla okudala amandla esikhashana okulawula izinto.
Imiphumela Yenqubomgomo Ekukhuleni Komnotho Wanamuhla
Enye yamandla enkolelo-mbono yemvelo ukufaneleka kwayo enqubweni yomphakathi. Uma ukukhula kungathonywa izinqumo zokutshalwa kwezimali kanye nekhwalithi yezikhungo, khona-ke amazwe anendawo yokusheshisa ukukhula kwesikhathi eside.
Eminye imiphumela yenqubomgomo exoxwa ngayo njalo:
1. Ukutshalwa kwezimali emfundweni nasekuqeqeshweni kwabasebenzi
Ukuthuthukisa ukufinyelela kanye nekhwalithi yemfundo (kufaka phakathi imfundo yezandla, i-STEM, kanye nokuqeqeshwa kwedijithali) kungasheshisa ukukhula ngokwandisa amakhono okukhiqiza kanye nokusungula izinto ezintsha.
2. Ukusekelwa kocwaningo nentuthuko (R&D)
Izibonelelo ze-R&D, izikhuthazo zentela zokusungula izinto ezintsha, kanye nokusebenzisana phakathi kwamanyuvesi nezimboni kungakhuphula izinga lokutholakala kobuchwepheshe. Ngenxa yokuthi ukusabalala kolwazi kudala izinzuzo zomphakathi ezingahlanganyelwa ngokugcwele ngabasunguli bezinto ezintsha, ukwesekwa kombuso kuvame ukubhekwa njengokubalulekile.
3. Ukuthuthukiswa kohlelo lokusungula izinto ezintsha kanye nokuhweba ngamabhizinisi
Ukukhula okuvamile kugcizelela ukubaluleka kwezimakethe ezishintshashintshayo: ukulula kokuqala ibhizinisi, ukufinyelela ezimalini, ukuvikelwa kwabatshalizimali, kanye nemithethonqubo engavimbeli ukuzama ibhizinisi.
4. Ukuqinisa izikhungo kanye nokuphatha
Amazinga aphezulu enkohlakalo, ukungaqiniseki kwezomthetho, kanye nokuphathwa kancane kweziphathimandla kungalimaza izisusa zokutshalwa kwezimali zesikhathi eside. Izikhungo ezisebenzayo zakha isiqiniseko sabasunguli kanye nabatshalizimali.
5. Ukuvuleleka kwezomnotho okukhethayo nokwamasu
Ukuhwebelana kwamanye amazwe kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali kungasheshisa ukusabalala kobuchwepheshe. Kodwa-ke, inkolelo-mbono yemvelo iphinde igcizelele isidingo samasu okuqinisekisa ukuthi ulwazi luyenzeka, njengokwakha amandla endawo, izinhlelo zokuxhumanisa imboni, noma ukuqinisa amandla ocwaningo lwasekhaya.
Ubudlelwano Phakathi Komnotho Wedijithali Nesikhathi Sanamuhla
Emnothweni wanamuhla, inkolelo-mbono yokukhula kwe-endogenous iya ngokuya ibaluleke kakhulu ngoba imikhakha eminingi incike ezimpahleni ezingaphatheki: isofthiwe, idatha, ama-algorithms, imiklamo, kanye nemikhiqizo. Lezi zimpahla zinezici ezifana nolwazi—ziphindaphindwa kalula, izinzuzo zazo zisatshalaliswa kabanzi, futhi zingakhiqiza imbuyiselo ekhulayo. Akumangazi ukuthi izinkampani zobuchwepheshe zivame ukubonisa ukukhula okusheshayo nemiphumela yenethiwekhi, ehambisana nomoya wenkolelo-mbono ye-endogenous.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuguqulwa kwedijithali kusheshisa ukusabalala kwemibono, kodwa futhi kwandisa ukuncintisana komhlaba wonke. Amazwe akwazi ukuthuthukisa ithalente ledijithali, isiko lokusungula izinto ezintsha, kanye nemithethonqubo eguquguqukayo avame ukulungiselela kangcono ukukhula okusimeme.
Ukugxekwa kanye nokulinganiselwa
Naphezu kwamandla ayo, inkolelo-mbono yemvelo ayiphumi ekugxekweni kwayo. Okokuqala, ukulinganisa "ulwazi" kanye "nokuchitheka" ngokwesayensi akulula. Okwesibili, amanye amamodeli emvelo avame ukwenza lula isakhiwo somnotho wangempela futhi acabangele izindlela ezithile zemakethe. Okwesithathu, izinqubomgomo zokusungula izinto ezintsha aziphumeleli ngaso sonke isikhathi—izibonelelo zingase ziqondiswe kabi, amalungelo obunikazi angavimbela ukusabalala kolwazi, futhi ukungenelela kukahulumeni kungadala ingozi yokuziphatha uma ukubusa kubuthakathaka.
Kodwa-ke, inani eliyinhloko lenkolelo-mbono yemvelo ukuthi inikeza uhlaka lokuthi ukukhula akuyona ikusasa elinqunywa yizici zangaphandle kuphela, kodwa kungakhiwa ngezinqumo zokutshalwa kwezimali, ukusungula izinto ezintsha, kanye nokuqinisa izikhungo.
I-Penutup
Ithiyori yokukhula kwe-endogenous inikeza umbono obalulekile wokuqonda ukukhula komnotho wanamuhla: imithombo yentuthuko yesikhathi eside ingavela ezinqubweni zangaphakathi zomnotho ezifana nokusungula izinto ezintsha, ukuqoqwa kwemali yabantu, ukufunda, kanye nokusatshalaliswa kolwazi. Ngokungafani namamodeli angaphandle abheka ubuchwepheshe njengento yangaphandle, ithiyori ye-endogenous ichaza ukuthi ubuchwepheshe, ukukhiqiza, kanye nokuncintisana kungathuthukiswa ngezinqubomgomo ezifanele kanye nendawo yomnotho esekelayo. Phakathi kwezinselele zomhlaba wonke kanye nokusheshisa umnotho wedijithali, indlela ye-endogenous inikeza isisekelo esiqinile samazwe sokuklama amasu okukhula azinzile, afaka wonke umuntu, futhi asekelwe olwazini.
