Imodeli kaLewis Yokuguqulwa Kwesakhiwo Somnotho
Imodeli kaLewis yokuguqulwa komnotho okuhlelekile iwuhlaka olujwayelekile kwezomnotho wentuthuko oluchaza indlela izwe elithuthukayo elingaguquka ngayo lisuke emnothweni wendabuko, osekelwe kwezolimo liye emnothweni wesimanje, osekelwe kwezimboni. Le modeli yethulwa nguW. Arthur Lewis ngo-1954 emsebenzini wakhe onesihloko esithi Economic Development with Unlimited Supplies of Labor. Umqondo wayo oyinhloko ulula kodwa unamandla: intuthuko yenzeka lapho abasebenzi “abaningi” abavela emkhakheni wendabuko bedluliselwa emkhakheni wesimanje okhiqiza kakhulu, ngaleyo ndlela kwandiswe umkhiqizo kazwelonke futhi kuvunyelwe inqubo yokusimeme yezimboni.
Ingemuva: Ubumbano Lwezomnotho
ULewis uqala ukuhlaziya kwakhe ngeqiniso lokuthi amazwe amaningi asathuthuka anesakhiwo sezomnotho "esihlukene" (esiphindwe kabili). Ngakolunye uhlangothi kukhona umkhakha wendabuko - ngokuvamile ezolimo eziziphilisayo kanye nemisebenzi engakahleleki - onomkhiqizo ophansi, ubuchwepheshe obulula, kanye nokuthambekela kwemali engenayo yabasebenzi engami. Ngakolunye uhlangothi kukhona umkhakha wesimanje - ukukhiqiza, amasimu ezentengiselwano, izimayini, kanye nezinsizakalo ezisemthethweni - osebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe kakhulu, imali enkulu, umkhiqizo ophezulu, futhi ogxile ezindaweni zasemadolobheni.
Lokhu kubili kubalulekile ngoba kudala umehluko omkhulu wamaholo nokukhiqiza. Kodwa-ke, isici esibaluleke kakhulu semodeli kaLewis ukuba khona kwabasebenzi abaningi emkhakheni wendabuko. Abasebenzi abaningi basho ukuthi kukhona abasebenzi abanegalelo labo elengeziwe ekukhiqizeni (umkhiqizo ongaphansi) elincane kakhulu, ngisho naseduze no-zero. Uma abanye balaba basebenzi bethuthela emkhakheni wesimanje, ukukhiqizwa kwezolimo ngeke kwehle kakhulu, kodwa umnotho jikelele uzozuza ngoba laba basebenzi bakhiqiza umkhiqizo omkhulu emkhakheni wesimanje.
Izinkolelo Ezibalulekile Zemodeli KaLewis
Ukuze indlela yokuguqulwa kwesakhiwo isebenze njengoba uLewis echaza, le modeli isebenzisa izibikezelo eziningana eziyisisekelo:
1. Umkhakha wendabuko unezisebenzi eziningi kakhulu. Umkhiqizo omncane wabasebenzi kwezolimo zokuziphilisa uthathwa njengophansi kakhulu. Lokhu kuvumela ukuthi abasebenzi badluliselwe emkhakheni wesimanje ngaphandle kokunciphisa kakhulu umkhiqizo wendabuko.
2. Amaholo emkhakheni wesimanje aphezulu futhi azinzile ekuqaleni kwentuthuko. Amaholo esimanje avame ukubekwa ngaphezu kwezinga lokuziphilisa ukuze adonsele abasebenzi abavela ezindaweni zasemakhaya baye emadolobheni, akhokhele izindleko zokufuduka, futhi akhokhele ingozi yokungasebenzi emadolobheni. Ngenxa yokuthi inani labasebenzi basemakhaya likhulu kakhulu, amaholo esimanje awakhuphuki ngokushesha.
3. Inzuzo emkhakheni wesimanje itshalwa kabusha. Lena “injini” yokukhula kumodeli kaLewis. Osomabhizinisi besimanje bathola inzuzo ngomehluko phakathi kokukhiqiza namaholo, bese bewatshala kabusha ukuze bandise amandla okukhiqiza futhi babambe abasebenzi abaningi.
4. Ukukhula komkhakha wanamuhla kuyanqwabelana. Ukutshalwa kwezimali kwandisa imali, kwandise umkhiqizo, futhi kwandisa isidingo sabasebenzi, okukhuthaza ukufuduka kusuka emkhakheni wendabuko. Le nqubo iyaziphinda.
Ngaphansi kwalokhu kucatshangwa, intuthuko iba inqubo yokuguqulwa kwesakhiwo: isabelo sabasebenzi kwezolimo siyancipha, kuyilapho isabelo sabasebenzi kanye nomkhiqizo wezimboni sikhuphuka. Ukusabalala kwamadolobha kuyanda, umkhiqizo ojwayelekile uyakhuphuka, kanye nemali engenayo ngomuntu ngamunye iyanda.
Indlela Yokuguqula: Kusukela Edolobhaneni Kuya Edolobheni
Inqubo yokuguqulwa ku-Lewis Model ingachazwa kanje. Esigabeni sokuqala, abasebenzi baningi emkhakheni wendabuko. Umkhakha wesimanje unikeza amaholo aphezulu kancane kunemali engenayo yokuziphilisa, okukhuthaza abasebenzi basemakhaya ukuba bathuthele emadolobheni. Ngenxa yokuthi umkhakha wendabuko usenabasebenzi abaningi, lokhu kufuduka akunciphisi umkhiqizo wezolimo ngokulinganayo. Okwamanje, abasebenzi abathuthela emkhakheni wesimanje bakhiqiza umkhiqizo ophezulu ngoba basebenza ngemali kanye nobuchwepheshe obukhiqizayo kakhulu.
Ukukhiqizwa komkhakha wesimanje kuyanda, inzuzo iyakhuphuka, futhi ingxenye enkulu yaleyo nzuzo—uLewis ucabanga ukuthi—itshalwa kabusha emishinini, ezimbonini, engqalasizinda, noma ekwandiseni ibhizinisi. Lokhu kwanda kwandisa isidingo sabasebenzi besimanje, ngaleyo ndlela kudonse abasebenzi abaningi basemakhaya. Kulesi sigaba, umnotho ukhula ngokushesha ngaphandle kwengcindezi enkulu yeholo emkhakheni wesimanje, njengoba “ukunikezwa okungenamkhawulo” kwabasebenzi basemakhaya kusatholakala.
Ngamanye amazwi, imodeli kaLewis igcizelela ukubaluleka kokuqoqwa kwemali ngokutshalwa kabusha kwenzuzo. Intuthuko ayimayelana nokushintsha abasebenzi bezolimo baye embonini, kodwa futhi imayelana nokudala izinqubo zezimali zangaphakathi zokwandisa umkhakha wesimanje.
Indawo Yokujika kaLewis
Omunye wemibono eyaziwa kakhulu kulo modeli yiphuzu lokuguquka kukaLewis. Leli phuzu lenzeka lapho abasebenzi abaningi emkhakheni wendabuko beqala ukuphela. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukufuduka okuqhubekayo kusuka emaphandleni kuya emadolobheni kuzonciphisa kakhulu umkhiqizo wezolimo, njengoba umkhiqizo omncane wabasebenzi kwezolimo usuvele ulungile futhi awusasondeli ku-zero.
Lapho kufika isikhathi sokuphelelwa yisikhathi, ukunikezwa kwabasebenzi abashibhile emkhakheni wesimanje akusasekho “okungenamkhawulo.” Ngenxa yalokho, amaholo emkhakheni wesimanje aqala ukukhuphuka ngokushesha njengoba izinkampani zincintisana ngabasebenzi. Lokhu kukhushulwa kwamaholo kunemiphumela emibili ebalulekile:
1. Inzuzo emkhakheni wesimanje iyancipha uma umkhiqizo ungakhuphuki ngokulinganayo. Lokhu kungalibazisa ijubane lokutshalwa kwezimali nokukhula.
2. Amandla okuthenga abasebenzi ayanda. Lokhu kungandisa isidingo sasekhaya, kukhuthaze ukukhula emkhakheni wezinsizakalo, futhi kushintshe amaphethini okusetshenziswa kwabathengi.
Ukuhlaziywa okuningi kwentuthuko yesimanje kusebenzisa lo mqondo ukuqonda ukuguquguquka kwamaholo emazweni athuthuka ngokushesha kwezimboni. Isibonelo, ezinye izifundo ziphakamisa ukuthi iShayina yabhekana nesikhathi sokushintsha kwesimo seLewis lapho amaholo ayo okukhiqiza eqala ukukhuphuka njengoba inani lezisebenzi zasemakhaya ezazikwazi ukufuduka lehla.
Iminikelo Emikhulu Yemodeli KaLewis
Imodeli kaLewis ibhekwa njengebalulekile ngenxa yeminikelo elandelayo yomqondo:
– Chaza ukuguqulwa kwesakhiwo njengomgogodla wentuthuko. Intuthuko ayikona nje ukwandisa i-GDP, kodwa futhi imayelana nokushintsha isakhiwo sokukhiqiza kanye nabasebenzi siye emikhakheni ekhiqiza kakhulu.
– Igxila ebudlelwaneni bokutshalwa kwezimali-inzuzo-nokwanda. Le modeli igcizelela indima yokuqoqwa kwemali kanye nokutshalwa kabusha kwenzuzo ekubambeni abasebenzi.
– Ukuxhumanisa ukufuduka kwabantu, amaholo, kanye nabasebenzi abaningi. Imodeli kaLewis isiza ukuqonda ukukhula kwamadolobha kanye nokukhula komkhakha osemthethweni kumongo wamazwe asathuthuka.
Ukugxekwa kanye nokulinganiselwa
Naphezu kwethonya layo, i-Lewis Model ayiyona engenabagxeki bayo. Okokuqala, umcabango wokuthi insalela yabasebenzi emkhakheni wendabuko ihlala inkulu ngokuvamile awulona iqiniso ngokuphelele. Ezindaweni eziningi zezolimo, abasebenzi bangase bangabi “abangenamsebenzi” kakhulu, kodwa bahlobene nesizini yokukhula, amakhono endawo, kanye nezidingo zomphakathi zasekhaya. Okwesibili, akuzona zonke izinzuzo ezivela emkhakheni wesimanje ezitshalwa kabusha ngaphakathi; ezinye zingathunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, zilondolozwe, noma zisetshenziselwe ukusetshenziswa kokunethezeka, ngakho-ke injini yokwanda ayisebenzi ngokuzenzakalelayo.
Okwesithathu, le modeli ayinaki kakhulu ukungasebenzi kwabantu emadolobheni. Eqinisweni, ukufuduka kwabantu kungadlula ikhono lomkhakha wanamuhla lokwamukela abasebenzi, okuholela ekuveleni komkhakha omkhulu ongakahleleki emadolobheni. Okwesine, umkhiqizo womkhakha wanamuhla awuhlali uphezulu uma izimboni ezikhulayo zidinga abasebenzi abaningi, zihola kancane, futhi zilinganiselwe kwezobuchwepheshe. Okwesihlanu, izikhungo, izinqubomgomo, imfundo, kanye nengqalasizinda nakho kuyizinto ezibalulekile, kuyilapho lezi zinto zingaxoxwanga ngokujulile kumodeli kaLewis.
Ukubaluleka Kwenqubomgomo Yentuthuko
Naphezu kwemingcele yayo, i-Lewis Model isasebenza njengohlaka lokuqala lokucabanga ngamasu okuthuthukisa. Izinqubomgomo ezihambisana nomoya kaLewis zivame ukugcizelela: ukudala imisebenzi ekhiqizayo emkhakheni wesimanje, ukuthuthukisa isimo sokutshalwa kwezimali, ukuthuthukisa ingqalasizinda, ukuthuthukisa amakhono abasebenzi, kanye nokuqinisa ukuxhumana kwezimboni nomkhakha wezolimo ukuze kuvinjelwe ukungalingani okukhulu.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, okuhlangenwe nakho kwamazwe amaningi kubonisa ukuthi ukuguqulwa kwesakhiwo okuphumelelayo kudinga okungaphezu nje kokwandiswa kwezimboni. Kudinga ukufinyelela ngokulinganayo emfundweni nasekunakekelweni kwezempilo, kanye nezinqubomgomo zokukhiqiza kwezolimo nezolimo ukuvimbela ukufuduka ekudaleni ubumpofu obusha basemadolobheni. Ukuguqulwa okunempilo yilokhu okwandisa ngasikhathi sinye umkhiqizo wazo zombili izinhlaka.
I-Penutup
Imodeli kaLewis yokuguqulwa komnotho okuhlelekile inikeza incazelo ejwayelekile yokuthi amazwe asathuthuka angakhula kanjani ngokushintsha kwabasebenzi kusuka emikhakheni yendabuko kuya kweyesimanje. Isebenzisa abasebenzi abaningi, amaholo anamuhla azinzile, kanye nokutshalwa kabusha kwenzuzo, imodeli ichaza ukwenziwa kwezimboni njengenqubo ehlanganisiwe engakhulisa umkhiqizo kanye nemali engenayo kazwelonke. Umqondo we-Lewis wokuguqula izinto uphinde unikeze ilensi ebalulekile yokubona ukuthi umnotho uqala nini ukuzwa ukwanda kwamaholo okusheshayo kanye nezinguquko ekukhuleni. Nakuba ingaphelele, imodeli kaLewis ihlala iyisisekelo esibalulekile sokutadisha ezomnotho zentuthuko kanye nezingxoxo zenqubomgomo ngokuguqulwa komnotho emazweni amaningi.
