Umehluko Phakathi Kwentuthuko Yomnotho Nokukhula Komnotho Ezifundweni Ezingokomlando
Ezifundweni zezomnotho, amagama athi ukukhula komnotho kanye nentuthuko yomnotho avame ukusetshenziswa ngokushintshana engxoxweni yansuku zonke. Kodwa-ke, ezifundweni ezisekelwe kudatha kanye nezilinganiso—zinezincazelo ezahlukene, izinkomba, kanye nemiphumela yenqubomgomo. Ukuqonda lo mehluko kubalulekile ukuze kugwenywe ukuchazwa kabi: isifunda singase sithole ukukhula okuphezulu kodwa intuthuko engalingani, noma ngokuphambene nalokho, sithole ukuthuthuka kwekhwalithi yokuphila naphezu kokukhula koMkhiqizo Wezwe Ophelele (i-GDP) okuhamba kancane. Lesi sihloko sixoxa ngemibono ehlukene, izilinganiso, izindlela zocwaningo , kanye nezibonelo zemiphumela etholakala ngokusekelwe kulokho okushiwoyo ehlukanisa ukukhula komnotho ekuthuthukisweni komnotho.
1. Incazelo kanye nokugxila okuyinhloko
Ukukhula komnotho kubhekisela ekukhuleni kwamandla okukhiqiza izimpahla nezinsizakalo ngaphakathi komnotho esikhathini esithile. Empeleni, ukukhula kulinganiswa njengokwanda kwe-GDP yangempela noma i-GRDP yangempela (yezifunda) ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ukugxila okuyinhloko ukuthi umkhiqizo wezomnotho ukhuphuka kangakanani.
Okwamanje, intuthuko yezomnotho iyinqubo yokushintsha kwesakhiwo kanye nokuthuthukiswa okubanzi enhlalakahleni yomphakathi. Intuthuko igcizelela "ukuthi ikhwalithi yokuphila ithuthuka kahle kangakanani" nokuthi "izinzuzo zomnotho zabelwana kanjani ngokulinganayo." Intuthuko ihlanganisa izilinganiso ezingaboniswa njalo ezibalweni ze-GDP: impilo, imfundo, ukulingana kwemali engenayo, amathuba emisebenzi, ikhwalithi yezikhungo, ukunciphisa ubumpofu, kanye nokuguqulwa komkhakha wezomnotho.
Ngamafuphi, ukukhula kuvame ukuba nobuningi (umphumela), kuyilapho intuthuko inezici eziningi (inhlalakahle kanye nesakhiwo).
2. Izinkomba ezifundweni ezisekelwe ebufakazini
Umehluko omkhulu ubonakala ezinkombeni ezisetshenziswa abacwaningi.
Izinkomba zokukhula komnotho
Ocwaningweni olusekelwe emibonweni, ukukhula kuvame ukukalwa ngokuthi:
– Izinga lokukhula kwe-GDP yangempela/GRDP (unyaka nonyaka noma isilinganiso sonyaka).
– I-GDP yangempela ngomuntu ngamunye (ngokuvamile isetshenziswa ukuqhathanisa phakathi kwamazwe/izifunda).
– Ukukhiqiza (isib. umkhiqizo ngesisebenzi ngasinye, umkhiqizo ophelele/i-TFP).
Lesi sibonakaliso kulula kakhulu ukusilinganisa ngoba idatha ye-GDP itholakala njalo ngezikhungo zezibalo.
Izinkomba zentuthuko yezomnotho
Intuthuko isebenzisa izinkomba ezibanzi, isibonelo:
– Inkomba Yokuthuthukiswa Kwabantu (i-HDI): inhlanganisela yempilo (ubude bempilo), imfundo, kanye namandla ezomnotho.
– Amazinga obumpofu kanye nokujula kobumpofu.
– Ukungalingani (isib. i-Gini coefficient, isilinganiso se-Palma).
– Izinga lokungasebenzi, izinga lokungasebenzi kahle, kanye nekhwalithi yomsebenzi (esemthethweni vs engakahleleki).
– Ukufinyelela izinsizakalo eziyisisekelo: amanzi ahlanzekile, ukuhlanzeka, ugesi, izinsizakalo zezempilo.
– Izinkomba zesakhiwo: ukushintshwa kwabasebenzi bezolimo baye ekukhiqizeni/ezinkonzweni, ukuhlukahluka kokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, ubunzima bezomnotho.
– Ikhwalithi yemvelo kanye nokusimama (ukukhishwa kwegesi, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, ikhwalithi yomoya), okufakwa kakhulu ezifundweni zentuthuko yesimanje.
Ngenxa yokuthi inezici eziningi, intuthuko inzima kakhulu ukuyilinganisa: abacwaningi kumele bakhethe ama-proxies afanele, bakhe ama-composite indices, noma basebenzise indlela yedeshibhodi (izinkomba eziningi ngesikhathi esisodwa).
3. Umehluko ohlakeni lwethiyori kanye nobudlelwano bezimbangela nemiphumela
Ku-theory yokukhula (isb., imodeli ye-Solow noma i-endogenous growth theory), kugxilwe kakhulu ezintweni ezibangela umphumela oqhubekayo: ukuqongelela imali, abasebenzi, ubuchwepheshe, kanye nokukhiqiza. Ucwaningo oluqanjiwe mayelana nokukhula luvame ukubuza ukuthi, “Yiziphi izinto ezibangela ukukhula?” Lokhu kufaka phakathi ukutshalwa kwezimali, imfundo, ukuvuleleka kwezohwebo, noma ukuzinza komnotho omkhulu.
Okwamanje, imibono yentuthuko (isib., ukuguqulwa kwesakhiwo sikaLewis , indlela yamakhono ka-Amartya Sen, ezomnotho zezikhungo) igcizelela izinguquko eziyinkimbinkimbi zezenhlalo nezomnotho, okuhlanganisa ukusatshalaliswa, izikhungo, kanye namandla abantu. Imibuzo eyisisekelo ingafaka: "Ingabe ukukhula kunciphisa ubumpofu?" noma "Yiziphi izinqubomgomo ezithuthukisa ikhwalithi yokuphila kanye nokulingana?"
Ubudlelwano phakathi kwalokhu okubili abuhlali buqondile. Izifundo eziningi zithole ukuthi:
– Ukukhula kungasiza ekuthuthukisweni uma kudala imisebenzi, kwandisa imali engenayo yemindeni, futhi kusekelwa yizinqubomgomo zokwabiwa kabusha.
– Kodwa-ke, ukukhula kungaba “okungenambandakanyi” uma kugxile emikhakheni edinga imali eningi, kubangela ukungalingani, noma kulimaze imvelo ukuze izinga lempilo yabanye abantu libe libi kakhulu.
4. Indlela yokufunda engokomfanekiso: yini ehlukile?
a) Amayunithi okuhlaziya idatha kanye nokuklama
Ucwaningo lokukhula luvame ukusebenzisa:
– Idatha enkulu yochungechunge lwesikhathi (isb. izwe elilodwa eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-30),
– Idatha yephaneli ephakathi kwamazwe noma phakathi kwezifunda (isib. izifundazwe ezingu-34 eminyakeni eyi-10),
- Amamodeli okubuyela emuva kokukhula.
Ucwaningo lwentuthuko lusebenzisa namaphaneli, kodwa luvame ukunezela:
– Ucwaningo lwemindeni (lobumpofu, ukusetshenziswa, imfundo, impilo),
– Idatha yokuphatha yomkhakha wezempilo/wemfundo,
- Izindlela zokuhlola umthelela (isivivinyo sokulawula esingahleliwe, umehluko-ekuhlukeni, ukufanisa amaphuzu okuthambekela) ukuhlola izinhlelo ezithile zokuthuthukisa.
b) Izinkinga zokulinganisa
Ukukhula "kuhlanzekile" kakhulu uma kulinganiswa ngoba i-GDP isezingeni elifanele. Intuthuko ibhekene nezinselele:
– Ubumpofu bungazwela ezindleleni kanye nezindlela zobumpofu,
– Ukungalingani kuyathinta ikhwalithi yedatha yemali engenayo/yokusetshenziswa,
– I-HDI iyinkomba ehlanganisiwe ngakho-ke kunezinqumo ezijwayelekile mayelana nezisindo nezinkomba.
c) Inkinga yembangela
Ezifundweni zokukhula nentuthuko, udaba lwezimbangela luhlala lubalulekile: ingabe imfundo iyandisa ukukhula, noma ingabe amazwe akhula ngokushesha akwazi kangcono ukuxhasa imfundo? Ekuthuthukisweni, udaba lwezimbangela luvame ukuba yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ngoba ukungenelela kuhilela imikhakha eminingi futhi imiphumela yakho ihlala isikhathi eside. Ngakho-ke, abacwaningi bentuthuko bavame ukuthembela emiklamo yokuhlola ukuze banikeze izincazelo eziqinile zezimbangela.
5. Izibonelo zemiphumela yokuhlolwa ehlukanisa lokhu okubili
Amanye amaphethini obufakazi avame ukuvela:
1. Ukukhula okuphezulu, intuthuko ebambezelekile
Indawo ecebile okumbiwayo kwendalo ingaqopha ukukhula okuphezulu kwe-GRDP lapho amanani ezimpahla enyuka. Kodwa-ke, ukuchuma akuhlali kusatshalaliswa uma lo mkhakha ubiza imali eningi futhi uqasha abasebenzi abambalwa. Ngenxa yalokho, ubumpofu nokungalingani kungahlala kuphezulu naphezu kwezibalo ze-GRDP ezikhulayo.
2. Ukukhula okumaphakathi, ukuthuthukisa intuthuko
Kunezifunda ezinokukhula komnotho okuphakathi, kodwa ziphumelele ekwandiseni i-Human Development Index (HDI) kanye nokunciphisa ubumpofu ngenxa yokusebenzisa imali yomphakathi ngendlela ephumelelayo, izinsizakalo zezempilo nezemfundo ezithuthukisiwe, kanye nezinhlelo zokuvikela umphakathi eziqondiswe kahle.
3. Ukuguqulwa kwesakhiwo kunquma ikhwalithi yentuthuko
Izifundo ezibonisa ubufakazi zivame ukukhombisa ukuthi ukushintsha abasebenzi bezolimo ezidla ngokuziphilisa baye ekukhiqizeni noma ezinkonzweni zesimanje kungandisa umkhiqizo kanye namaholo, ngaleyo ndlela kusheshiswe ukunciphisa ubumpofu. Ngakho-ke, akugcini nje ngokuthi "yiliphi iphesenti le-GDP elikhula," kodwa kunalokho "yimiphi imikhakha ekhula futhi obani abathintekayo."
4. Ukungalingani kunciphisa umthelela wokukhula ebuphofwini
Izifundo eziningi zikhombisile ukuthi ukukhula kunciphisa ubumpofu ngokushesha ezindaweni ezinokungalingani okuphansi. Uma ukungalingani kuphezulu, umkhiqizo owengeziwe uqongelela kakhulu kwabacebile, okwenza umthelela wawo ebuphofwini ube buthaka.
6. Imiphumela yenqubomgomo: kungani lokhu kungafani kubalulekile?
Ukube abenzi bezinqubomgomo bebegxile ekukhuleni kuphela, bebengagxila ekutshalweni kwezimali okukhulu kanye nokwandisa umkhiqizo ohlanganisiwe. Kodwa intuthuko idinga eminye imibuzo: ingabe ukutshalwa kwezimali kudala imisebenzi? Ingabe kuthuthukisa izinsizakalo eziyisisekelo? Ingabe kunciphisa ukungalingani? Ingabe kusimamisa imvelo?
Ngakho-ke, ekuhleleni, imigomo yokukhula I-GDP kufanele ihambisane nezinkomba zentuthuko njengokuthi:
- ukunciphisa ubumpofu,
- ukwanda kwe-HDI,
- ukudalwa kwemisebenzi esezingeni eliphezulu,
- ukunciphisa ukungalingani,
– kanye nezinkomba zokusimama.
Le ndlela yenza ukuhlolwa kube kubanzi kakhulu: impumelelo yezomnotho akuyona nje "izibalo ze-GDP ziyanda", kodwa "izimpilo zabantu ziyathuthuka empeleni".
7. Isiphetho
Ezifundweni ezisekelwe ebufakazini, ukukhula komnotho kanye nentuthuko yomnotho kuyahlukahluka ngezincazelo zazo, izinkomba, kanye nezindlela zokuhlola imiphumela yenqubomgomo. Ukukhula kugxila ekukhuleni komkhiqizo ohlanganisiwe, ngokuvamile olinganiswa yi-GDP/GRDP yangempela. Intuthuko igxila ezinguqukweni zenhlalakahle kanye nesakhiwo somnotho esibanzi, okulinganiswa yi-Human Development Index (HDI), ubumpofu, ukungalingani, ikhwalithi yomsebenzi, ukufinyelela izinsizakalo eziyisisekelo, kanye nokusimama.
Lokhu okubili kuhlobene, kodwa akufani. Ukukhula kuyingxenye eyodwa yentuthuko, akusona isiqinisekiso sayo. Ngakho-ke, ucwaningo olusekelwe ebufakazini kanye nenqubomgomo yomphakathi eqinile kudingeka kucatshangelwe kokubili ngasikhathi sinye: ukuphishekela ukukhula okungagcini nje ngokusheshisa, kodwa futhi okubandakanya wonke umuntu, okulinganayo, nokuqhubekayo.
Uma ufisa, ngingakusiza ngokufaka uhlu lwezincwadi (isib., uTodaro noSmith, uSen, uBarro, uSolow, noma izincwadi zokuguqulwa kwesakhiwo) kanye nezibonelo zemiklamo eguquguqukayo kanye namamodeli okubuyela emuva ezifundweni ezingokoqobo ezingeni lesifundazwe/lesifunda.
