Ukuhlaziywa Kwentuthuko Esekelwe Emphakathini
Intuthuko esekelwe emphakathini iyindlela yentuthuko ebeka imiphakathi njengabadlali ababalulekile—hhayi nje abazuzi—ekuhleleni, ekusetshenzisweni nasekuhlolweni kwezinhlelo. Ngokwesimo samazwe asathuthuka njenge-Indonesia, le ndlela ibaluleke kakhulu ngoba ibhekana nemikhawulo yentuthuko ephezulu kakhulu, engazweli izidingo zendawo, futhi evame ukuphumela ezinhlelweni ezingazinzile. Lesi sihloko sihlaziya umqondo, izimiso, izinzuzo, izinselele, kanye namasu okuqinisa intuthuko esekelwe emphakathini ukuze kukhuthazwe inhlalakahle yomphakathi kanye nokuzimela ngendlela elinganayo.
Umqondo kanye Nesisekelo Sentuthuko Esekelwe Emphakathini
Ngokomqondo, intuthuko esekwe emphakathini isekelwe embonweni wokuthi imiphakathi yasendaweni inolwazi, ulwazi, kanye nezinsizakusebenza zomphakathi ezingabaluleka ekuthuthukiseni isifunda sayo. Le ndlela ivela ekugxekweni kwamamodeli entuthuko avamile avame ukugxila ezinqumweni kuhulumeni noma ezinhlanganweni ezinikelayo, kuyilapho evame ukubekela eceleni izifiso zezakhamuzi. Ekuthuthukisweni okusekelwe emphakathini, izinqumo zikhuthazwa ukuba zivele ekubambeni iqhaza kwezakhamuzi, okuholela ezinhlelweni ezilungiselelwe izidingo, ezamukelekayo, futhi ezilula ukuzigcina ukuze kuqhubeke isikhathi eside.
Izisekelo eziyinhloko zale ndlela zifaka phakathi imibono yokubamba iqhaza, ukunika amandla, kanye nentuthuko esimeme. Ukubamba iqhaza kugcizelela ukubandakanyeka kwezakhamuzi ezinqubweni zokwenza izinqumo. Ukunika amandla kudinga amandla omphakathi akhulisiwe kanye nokulawula izinsiza. Intuthuko esimeme, okwamanje, iqinisekisa ukuthi intuthuko idlula izinzuzo zesikhashana futhi ivikela nezici zomphakathi, ezomnotho, kanye nezemvelo zezizukulwane ezizayo.
Izimiso Eziyinhloko
Kunezimiso eziningana ezibalulekile ezivame ukuba yingxenye yentuthuko esekelwe emphakathini.
Okokuqala, ukubamba iqhaza okunenjongo. Ukubamba iqhaza akukhona nje ukuya emihlanganweni noma ukusayina uhlu lwababekhona, kodwa kumayelana nokubandakanyeka kwangempela ekubekeni izinto eziza kuqala, ukuthuthukisa izinhlelo, kanye nokwengamela ukuqaliswa kwazo. Ukubamba iqhaza okunenjongo ngokuvamile kudinga ukucatshangelwa okulinganayo, ulwazi oluvulekile, kanye nokusiza okuphumelelayo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amazwi amaqembu asengozini awafihlwa abadlali abanamandla kakhulu.
Okwesibili, ukubandakanywa kanye nobulungiswa bezenhlalo. Intuthuko esekwe emphakathini ngokufanelekile ihilela abesifazane, intsha, abampofu, abantu abakhubazekile, kanye namaqembu amancane avame ukungamelwa kahle. Ngaphandle kwalesi simiso, intuthuko esekwe emphakathini ibeka engcupheni ukuqinisa izikhulu zendawo kanye nokwanda kokungalingani.
Okwesithathu, ukucaca kanye nokuziphendulela. Ngenxa yokuthi uhlelo luphathwa eduze nomphakathi, izindlela zokubika, ukuqapha kanye nokuziphendulela kumele zicace. Ukucaca kwesabelomali, ukuvuleleka kolwazi, kanye nokuqapha umphakathi kubalulekile ukuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kabi kohlelo.
Okwesine, ukusebenzisa izimpahla zendawo. Le ndlela igcizelela ukusetshenziswa kwezinsizakusebenza zendawo—zombili zemvelo, ezamasiko, kanye nezomnotho—njengesisekelo semisebenzi yezomnotho neyezenhlalo. Esikhundleni sokuthembela ngokuphelele osizweni lwangaphandle, imiphakathi ikhuthazwa ukuba ihlole amakhono ayo akhona.
Izinzuzo kanye Nemiphumela Emihle
Ngokuvamile, intuthuko esekwe emphakathini inikeza izinzuzo eziningana ezibalulekile. Umthelela wokuqala umuzwa okhulisiwe wokuba ngumnikazi. Lapho izakhamuzi zihlanganyela ekwakhiweni kohlelo, cishe zizogcina imiphumela yentuthuko, njengokugcina izikhungo zomphakathi, ukuphatha izimali ezihlangene, noma ukulondoloza imvelo.
Okwesibili, izinhlelo ziqondiswe kakhulu. Imiphakathi yasendaweni ivame ukuqonda izinkinga ebhekene nazo ngokuningiliziwe kunabahleli bangaphandle. Isibonelo, abantu bendawo bajwayelene kakhulu nezindawo ezivame ukukhukhulwa yizikhukhula, izinselele zokumaketha imikhiqizo yezolimo, noma izithiyo zokufinyelela kwezingane emfundweni. Ngenxa yalokho, izixazululo ezakhiwe zivame ukuba ezifanele kakhulu futhi zibe nomongo.
Okwesithathu, ukuqinisa imali yomphakathi. Ukuxoxisana, ukubambisana, kanye nezinqubo zomsebenzi wokubambisana kungaqinisa amanethiwekhi omphakathi, ukwethembana, kanye nekhono lomphakathi lokuxazulula izingxabano. Lezi yizinto ezibalulekile zokuqina komphakathi lapho ubhekene nezinkinga, izinhlekelele, noma ukuguquguquka komnotho.
Okwesine, ukwandisa amandla kanye nokuzimela. Lapho imiphakathi ihilelekile ekuphathweni kwezinhlelo—kusukela ekuqoqweni kwemali, ekuthuthukiseni iziphakamiso, kuya ekuhlolweni—ifunda amakhono amasha angasetshenziswa kwezinye izinhlelo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lokhu kukhuthaza ukuzimela kwendawo.
Izinselele Nezingozi Ezivela Njalo
Naphezu kwezinzuzo zayo eziningi, intuthuko esekelwe emphakathini ayiyona engenazo izinselelo. Enye yezingozi ezivame kakhulu ukubuswa yizicukuthwane zendawo. Kwezinye izimo, abantu abanethonya noma amaqembu athile angalawula inqubo futhi aqondise izinhlelo ukuze zivumelane nezintshisekelo zawo. Ngenxa yalokho, ukubamba iqhaza kuyahlukana, futhi amaqembu asengozini ahlala engafakiwe ezinzuzweni.
Inselele yesibili amandla amancane ezikhungo. Akuwona wonke umphakathi onolwazi lokuphatha amaphrojekthi, ukuhlela ukuphathwa, noma ukuqhuba imibiko yezezimali. Ngaphandle kokusekelwa okwanele, izinhlelo zingahamba kancane, zingaphumeleli, noma zithambekele emaphutheni okuphatha.
Inselele yesithathu ihlobene nezingxabano kanye nezintshisekelo ezihlukene. Imiphakathi ayizona izinhlangano ezifanayo. Kukhona umehluko ngezigaba zomphakathi, izintshisekelo zomnotho, ukufinyelela umhlaba, kanye nezintandokazi zezepolitiki. Uma ingaphathwanga kahle, inqubo yokuxoxisana ingaholela ezingxabanweni ezivulekile noma iholele ezinqumweni ezingafanele.
Inselele yesine ukuxhaswa ngezimali okusimeme. Izinhlelo eziningi ezisekelwe emphakathini zithembele kuhulumeni noma kubaxhasi. Lapho ukuxhaswa ngezimali kuphela, imisebenzi ingaphela ngaphandle kwesu lokuzixhasa ngezimali, imodeli yebhizinisi lezenhlalo, noma ukubambisana kwesikhathi eside nezinhlangano ezahlukene.
Okokugcina, kunezithiyo zezikhulu kanye nezomthetho. Intuthuko esekelwe emphakathini ivame ukudinga ukuguquguquka, kuyilapho izinhlelo zikahulumeni zivame ukufuna izinqubo zokuphatha eziqinile. Lesi sikhala singayibambezela inqubo futhi sidikibalise izakhamuzi.
Isu Lokuqinisa Intuthuko Esekelwe Emphakathini
Ukuqinisekisa intuthuko esekwe emphakathini ephumelelayo nelinganayo, kungasetshenziswa amasu amaningana. Okokuqala, kuqiniswe amandla omphakathi ngokuqeqesha nokweluleka. Izinto zokuqeqesha zingahlanganisa ukuhlela okubandakanya abantu, ukuphathwa kwezezimali, ukuqinisa izinhlangano zomphakathi, kanye namasu okuqapha nokuhlola. Abagqugquzeli kudingeka futhi baqonde isimo sendawo futhi balondoloze inqubo ebandakanya bonke abantu.
Okwesibili, sungula izindlela zokuziphendulela emphakathini. Lokhu kungathatha isimo sezinkundla zezakhamuzi, amabhodi olwazi lwesabelomali, imibiko yomphakathi ejwayelekile, kanye nezindlela zokukhalaza ezifinyeleleka kalula. Ukuziphendulela emphakathini kunganciphisa ukungalingani futhi kwandise ukwethenjwa komphakathi.
Okwesithathu, qinisekisa ukufakwa kwamaqembu asengozini ngemithetho nemikhuba ecacile. Isibonelo, ukusungula izabelo zokumelwa kwabesifazane nentsha emakomidini, ukubeka izikhathi zemihlangano ezinobungane kubasebenzi, kanye nokunikeza ukufinyelela kubantu abakhubazekile. Ukufakwa akuyona nje isiqubulo; kumele kuklanywe ngendlela yokusebenza.
Okwesine, khuthaza ukubambisana kwababambiqhaza abaningi. Intuthuko esekwe emphakathini akusho ukuzihlukanisa nohulumeni, amanyuvesi, umkhakha ozimele, noma izinhlangano zomphakathi. Eqinisweni, ukubambisana kungaqinisa ukufinyelela kwezobuchwepheshe, izimakethe, uxhaso lwezimali, kanye nokumela inqubomgomo. Isihluthulelo ukubambisana okulinganayo kanye nenhlonipho yobuholi bomphakathi.
Okwesihlanu, ukuthuthukisa amamodeli ezomnotho wendawo azinzile. Imiphakathi ingaphatha ama-cooperative, ama-Village-Owned Enterprises (ama-BUMD), amabhizinisi asekhaya, noma ezokuvakasha kwezemvelo ezisekelwe ekulondolozweni. Njengoba imisebenzi yezomnotho ikhula, izinhlelo zomphakathi nezemvelo zinezinsiza ezizinzile.
Isiphetho
Intuthuko esekelwe emphakathini yindlela egcizelela ukubamba iqhaza okunenjongo, ukubandakanywa, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwempahla yendawo ukuze kufezwe intuthuko elinganayo neqhubekayo. Izinzuzo zayo zisekubanini okwandisiwe, ukuqondiswa okunembile kohlelo, ukuqinisa imali yomphakathi, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwamandla omphakathi. Kodwa-ke, le ndlela ibhekene nezinselele ezifana nokubusa kwabantu abaphezulu bendawo, amandla alinganiselwe, ukungqubuzana kwezintshisekelo, kanye nezinkinga zokusimama kwezimali.
Ngakho-ke, intuthuko ephumelelayo esekwe emphakathini idinga ukwakheka kwenqubo eqinile: ukuqeqesha, ukuzibophezela kwezenhlalo, izindlela zokubandakanya, ukubambisana kwababambiqhaza abaningi, kanye nokuqinisa umnotho wendawo. Uma lawa masu esetshenziswa njalo, intuthuko esekwe emphakathini ingaba yindlela ephumelelayo yokwakha imiphakathi enamandla, ezimele ekwaziyo ukunquma ikusasa layo.
