Ithiyori Yokukwazi Ekuthuthukisweni
Enkulumweni yentuthuko, izindlela zokulinganisa impumelelo ziye zalula amashumi eminyaka ekukhuleni komnotho, ukwanda kwemali engenayo ngomuntu ngamunye, noma ukutshalwa kwezimali okuqongelelwe. Lezi zinkomba zibalulekile, kodwa zivame ukwehluleka ukubamba iqiniso lokuthi "impilo enhle" ayinqunywa nje yimali engenayo, kodwa ngamathuba angempela umuntu anawo okuphila impilo ayazisayo. Yilapho i-Capability Approach ithola khona ukubaluleka: uhlaka olubeka abantu—hhayi nje izinombolo zomnotho—enkabeni yentuthuko.
Imvelaphi nemibono eyisisekelo
I-Capability Theory yasungulwa yisazi sezomnotho nesazi sefilosofi u-Amartya Sen, futhi kamuva yathuthukiswa kabanzi nguMartha Nussbaum kanye nabanye ososayensi abaningi bezenhlalo. USen wagxeka izindlela zempilo ezigxile kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni (injabulo noma ukwaneliseka) noma izinsiza (imali engenayo, izimpahla, izinsizakalo). Waphikisana ngokuthi abantu ababili abanezinsiza ezifanayo bangaba nezimfanelo zokuphila ezihluke kakhulu ngenxa yokungafani kwezimo zempilo, indawo ezungezile, izindinganiso zomphakathi, ukufinyelela komphakathi, kanye nokubandlululwa.
Ingqikithi yale ndlela isemiqondweni emibili ebalulekile: ukusebenza kanye namakhono. Ukusebenza “yilokho umuntu akwenzayo noma aba yikho,” njengokuba nempilo enhle, ukufunda, ukusebenza kahle, ukubamba iqhaza empilweni yomphakathi, noma ukukhululeka endlaleni. Okwamanje, amakhono ayisethi yamathuba aqondile okufeza le misebenzi ehlukahlukene. Ngamanye amazwi, amakhono agcizelela inkululeko ebalulekile: hhayi nje umphumela wokugcina, kodwa futhi nendawo etholakalayo yokukhetha.
Intuthuko njengokwanda kwenkululeko
USen ubheka intuthuko njengenqubo yokwandisa inkululeko yabantu. Inkululeko lapha akuyona nje inkululeko esemthethweni ephepheni, kodwa inkululeko ephumelelayo: ikhono lomuntu lokufinyelela ngempela izinsizakalo zezempilo, ukuya esikoleni, ukuphepha ebudloveni, ukuthola amathuba emisebenzi, kanye nokuba nendawo yokuveza imibono yakhe ngaphandle kokwesaba ukucindezelwa.
Lolu hlaka lusikhuthaza ukuthi sihlole intuthuko ngokombono walokho izakhamuzi ezingakwenza, hhayi nje lokho izwe elinakho noma elikukhiqizayo. Ukukhula kwe-GDP, isibonelo, kungahambisana nokungalingani, ukuwohloka kwemvelo, noma ukuqedwa kwamalungelo omphakathi. Ngokombono wamakhono, intuthuko enjalo ayibhekwa njengephumelelayo ngokuzenzakalelayo uma inkululeko ebalulekile yezakhamuzi ivinjelwe empeleni.
Kungani imali engenayo inganele
Imali engenayo iwumthombo obalulekile, kodwa akuyona njalo into enquma ikhwalithi yempilo. Kunezizathu eziningana zokuthi kungani ukugxila emalini engenayo kuphela kungadukisa:
1. Umehluko ngezidingo: Abantu abakhubazekile bangase bakhokhe izindleko ezinkulu ukuze bafinyelele ukuhamba okulinganayo kanye nokufinyelela okulinganayo.
2. Umehluko endaweni: Imali engenayo efanayo inamandla okuthenga ahlukene kanye nezinzuzo ezindaweni ezinezindawo zomphakathi ezimpofu.
3. Umehluko ezindinganisweni zomphakathi kanye nezithiyo: Abesifazane kwezinye izindawo bangase babe nemali engenayo kodwa banqunyelwe emandleni abo okusebenza, ukuhamba, noma ukwenza izinqumo.
4. Ukufinyelela izinsizakalo zomphakathi: Amazwe anezinsizakalo zokunakekelwa kwempilo nezemfundo zamahhala angakhiqiza imali engenayo “enamandla” kakhulu kunamazwe lapho konke kufanele kukhokhelwe ngasese.
Ithiyori Yokukwazi ikhuthaza inqubomgomo yomphakathi ukuthi ingagcini ngokukhulisa imali engenayo, kodwa kunalokho iqinise izimo ezivumela wonke umuntu ukuthi aguqule izinsiza zibe impilo enenjongo.
Izindima zokuguqula: kusukela ezinsizeni kuya emakhonweni
USen wethule umqondo wokuthi kukhona "izici zokuguqula" ezinquma ukuthi insiza ingaguqulwa ibe yikhono. Lezi zici zingahlukaniswa zibe:
– Izici zomuntu siqu: impilo, ubudala, ubulili, ukukhubazeka, amakhono, ukudla okunempilo.
– Izici zomphakathi: izindinganiso, ubandlululo, ubudlelwano bamandla, ukuphepha, amanethiwekhi omphakathi.
– Izici zemvelo: ingqalasizinda, isimo sezulu, ezokuthutha, ikhwalithi yomoya, indawo.
Isibonelo, uhulumeni angakha isikole (izinsiza). Kodwa-ke, uma isikole sikude, izinto zokuhamba zingaphephile, noma imindeni idinga izingane zisebenze, ikhono lokuya esikoleni lihlala liphansi. Ngakho-ke, indlela yokwazi idinga ukuhlaziywa okubanzi kwezithiyo zangempela izakhamuzi ezibhekene nazo.
Ubukhulu bobulungiswa nokulingana
Ithiyori Yokukwazi Ikhono nayo inamandla njengesisekelo sokuziphatha kwentuthuko, njengoba igxile ekungalungini okuhlangatshezwana nakho ngamaqembu asengozini. Ukungalingani akubonakali nje kuphela ezikhaleni zemali engenayo, kodwa futhi nasezikhaleni zamathuba okuphila. Izinqubomgomo zokulwela ukukwazi zingabuza: ubani ongenalo inkululeko enkulu kakhulu? Yiziphi izithiyo ezivimbela izimpilo zabo? Yiziphi izindlela zokungenelela ezingathuthukisa kakhulu amathuba abo angempela?
Isibonelo, izifunda ezimbili zingase zibe nomholo ofanayo ojwayelekile, kodwa isifunda esisodwa sinezinga eliphezulu lokufa komama, ukufinyelela okuphansi kwamanzi ahlanzekile, kanye namazinga aphezulu odlame olusekelwe kubulili. Indlela yokukwazi ingahlola lesi sifunda njengesisilele emuva ekuthuthukisweni kwabantu, yize imali engenayo ibonakala "ilingana."
Ubudlelwano ne-Human Development Index
Indlela yokwenza amakhono ibe nomthelela omkhulu ekudalweni kwe-Human Development Index (HDI), eyathandwa yi-UNDP, ngezinga layo lempilo (ubude bempilo), imfundo (iminyaka yokufunda), kanye nezinga lokuphila elihle (imali engenayo). Nakuba i-HDI ingeyona indlela ephelele yokulinganisa ikhono, imelela umzamo wokushintsha ukugxila kwentuthuko kusuka ezilinganisweni zezomnotho kuphela kuya kubantu.
Kodwa-ke, ukugxekwa kwe-HDI nakho kubalulekile: izinkomba zayo zilinganiselwe futhi azikwazi ukubamba ikhwalithi yemfundo, inkululeko yezepolitiki, ukuphepha, ubudlelwano bezenhlalo, noma ukusimama kwemvelo. I-Capability Theory iyaqhubeka nokukhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwezinyathelo ezihambisana kakhulu nomongo, ezihlanganyelayo, futhi ezizwela ukuhlukahluka kwendawo.
Umbono kaNussbaum: uhlu lwamakhono ayisisekelo
UMartha Nussbaum uphakamise uhlu "lwamakhono aphakathi" abhekwa njengancane kakhulu empilweni yomuntu enesithunzi, okuhlanganisa: ukuphila okunempilo, ubuqotho bomzimba, ukusebenzisa ukucabanga kanye nomcabango, imizwa, ukuzibandakanya komphakathi, ubudlelwano nemvelo, ukudlala, kanye nokulawula imvelo yezepolitiki nezinto ezibonakalayo. Lolu hlu lwenza kube lula ukwenza izinqubomgomo ngoba lusebenza kakhulu: umbuso ungahlola ukuthi isakhamuzi ngasinye sinomkhawulo omncane wala makhono.
Umehluko omkhulu ngoSen udaba lokunquma uhlu. USen uvame ukwenqaba uhlu oluqinile nolujwayelekile, esaba ukuthi alunaki ukuhlukahluka kwezindinganiso emiphakathini. Ugcizelela inqubo yentando yeningi neyokuxoxisana yokunquma ukuthi yimaphi amakhono abekwa phambili kumongo othile.
Imiphumela yenqubomgomo yentuthuko
Uma intuthuko iqondwa njengokwanda kwamakhono, khona-ke inqubomgomo yomphakathi idinga ukuqhubekela phambili kulezi zindawo ezilandelayo:
1. Imfundo enenjongo: hhayi nje amazinga okuhlanganyela esikoleni, kodwa nekhwalithi yokufunda, ukufaneleka kwamakhono, kanye nokufinyelela okulinganayo kwamaqembu ancishisiwe.
2. Impilo kanye nokudla okunempilo: ukunakekelwa kwempilo okuyisisekelo okuqinile, ukuvimbela, impilo yokuzala, kanye nokuvikelwa komama nengane.
3. Ukuvikelwa komphakathi okuvumelana nezimo: usizo lwemali, umshuwalense wezempilo, umshuwalense wokungasebenzi, kanye nokusekelwa kokukhubazeka ukuze izakhamuzi zikwazi ukumelana nokushaqeka.
4. Ukususwa kobandlululo: izinqubomgomo zobulili, ukufakwa kwabakhubazekile, ukuvikelwa kweqembu elincane, kanye nokuqiniswa komthetho okufanelekile.
5. Ingqalasizinda eyisisekelo: amanzi ahlanzekile, ukuhlanzeka, ugesi, i-inthanethi, kanye nezokuthutha eziphephile ezivula amathuba.
6. Ukubamba iqhaza kanye nokuziphendulela: isikhala sezakhamuzi sokukhuluma, ukucaca kwesabelomali, kanye nezikhungo eziphendulayo.
Lezi zinhlelo zixhumene. Izinhlelo zomnotho ezidala imisebenzi, isibonelo, zidinga ukusekelwa ngokuqeqeshwa, ukuhamba, ukuphepha, kanye nokuvikelwa kwabasebenzi ukuze kwandiswe ngempela amakhono ezakhamuzi.
Izinselele nokugxekwa
Naphezu kwethonya layo elibanzi, i-Capability Theory ibhekene nezinselele eziningana. Okokuqala, ukulinganisa: amakhono angamathuba, hhayi nje imiphumela, okwenza kube nzima ukuwalinganisa ngesibonakaliso esisodwa. Okwesibili, ukukhethwa kwamandla: yimaphi okufanele abekwe phambili, futhi kufanele anqunywe kanjani ngokusemthethweni? Okwesithathu, ukuhwebelana kwenqubomgomo: ukwandisa ikhono elilodwa ngezinye izikhathi kudinga ukuyekethisa kwesikhashana kwamanye, isibonelo, ukuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda okudala izingozi zemvelo uma kungaklanywanga ngendlela eqhubekayo.
Kodwa-ke, le nselele iphinde ibonise amandla endlela yamakhono: iphoqa abenzi benqubomgomo ukuthi babe sobala ekubekeni izindinganiso, bahilele izakhamuzi ekubekeni izinto eziza kuqala, futhi bavume ubunzima bentuthuko yabantu.
I-Penutup
Ithiyori yamakhono inikeza umbono onobuntu nophelele ngentuthuko. Iyakwenqaba ukwehliswa kwenhlalakahle kube yimali engenayo noma ukukhula komnotho, futhi esikhundleni salokho igxile enkululekweni ebalulekile: amathuba angempela awo wonke umuntu okuphila impilo enempilo, ukufunda, ukusebenza ngesithunzi, ukuphepha, kanye nokubamba iqhaza emphakathini. Emongweni wezwe elibhekene nokungalingani, inkinga yesimo sezulu, ukuphazamiseka kwezobuchwepheshe, kanye nokuba sengozini kwezenhlalo, indlela yamakhono isebenza njengesikhumbuzo sokuthi umgomo wokugcina wentuthuko ukwandisa amathuba abantu—ukuze wonke umuntu aphile impilo ayazisa njengefanele futhi enenjongo.
