Izinkomba Zokuthuthukiswa Komnotho Ngaphandle Kwe-GDP
Sekungamashumi eminyaka, i-Gross Domestic Product (GDP) iyisilinganiso esithandwa kakhulu sokuhlola "ukusebenza" komnotho wezwe. I-GDP ibala inani eliphelele lezimpahla nezinsizakalo ezikhiqizwayo phakathi nesikhathi esithile. Lesi sibalo sibalulekile ngoba sinikeza isithombe sesilinganiso somsebenzi wezomnotho, ukukhula, kanye nemali engenayo kahulumeni engaba khona. Kodwa-ke, inani elikhulayo lezazi zezomnotho nabenzi bezinqubomgomo liyaqaphela ukuthi i-GDP ayanele ukubamba intuthuko yezomnotho ngokugcwele. I-GDP ingakhuphuka ngenkathi ikhwalithi yokuphila ima, ukungalingani kuyanda, noma ukuwohloka kwemvelo kuba kubi kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, izinkomba ezihlukile zisetshenziselwa ukuhambisana—futhi ngisho nokulungisa—indlela esihlola ngayo intuthuko.
Lokhu okulandelayo yizinkomba ezivame ukusetshenziswa zentuthuko yezomnotho ngaphandle kwe-GDP, kanye nezizathu zokuthi kungani lezi zinkomba zibalulekile.
1. I-GDP ngomuntu ngamunye kanye ne-Gross National Income (GNI)
Nakuba isahlobene ne-GDP, i-GDP ngomuntu ngamunye ivame ukubhekwa njengenolwazi oluningi kune-GDP iyonke ngoba icabangela inani labantu. Izwe eline-GDP enkulu akusho ukuthi abantu balo bayachuma uma inani labantu likhulu kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, i-GDP ngomuntu ngamunye nayo inemikhawulo: iyisilinganiso nje, hhayi uphawu lokwabiwa kwemali engenayo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona i-Gross National Income (GNI), elinganisa imali engenayo etholwa yizakhamuzi (kufaka phakathi labo abavela kwamanye amazwe), hhayi nje umkhiqizo ngaphakathi kwemingcele yezwe. I-GNI iwusizo emazweni athola imali eningi ethunyelwayo, utshalomali lwakwamanye amazwe, noma anezakhamuzi ezisebenza kwamanye amazwe.
2. Inkomba Yokuthuthukiswa Kwabantu (i-HDI)
I-Human Development Index (HDI) iyinkomba ehlanganisiwe elinganisa intuthuko ngezindlela ezintathu eziyisisekelo:
1) Impilo (ubude bempilo),
2) Imfundo (isilinganiso sobude besikhathi semfundo kanye nobude besikhathi esilindelekile semfundo),
3) Izinga lokuphila (imali engenayo ngomuntu ngamunye).
I-HDI isiza ekubhekeni intuthuko njengenqubo yokwandisa amandla abantu, hhayi nje ukwandisa umkhiqizo wezomnotho. Amazwe amabili ane-GDP efanayo ngomuntu ngamunye angaba nama-HDI ahlukene, isibonelo, ngenxa yokungafani kokufinyelela emfundweni nasekunakekelweni kwezempilo.
3. Izinga Lobumpofu kanye Nobumpofu Obuhlukahlukene
Ukukhula komnotho akunciphisi ubumpofu ngokuzenzakalelayo. Ngakho-ke, izinkomba ezifana nephesenti labampofu kanye nomugqa wobumpofu zibalulekile ekuhloleni ukuthi intuthuko ibandakanya bonke abantu ngempela.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izikhungo eziningi manje zisebenzisa i-Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI), engalingani nje kuphela ukuswela imali engenayo kodwa futhi nokuswela emfundweni, empilweni, ezindlini, ekuhlanzeni, emanzini ahlanzekile, kanye nasekufinyeleleni kukagesi. I-MPI inikeza isithombe sangempela sekhwalithi yempilo etholwa yimindeni—futhi ikhombisa izindawo zenqubomgomo okudingeka zibekwe phambili.
4. Ukungalingani Kwemali Engenayo Nengcebo (Isilinganiso Se-Gini)
Ukukhula kwe-GDP kungaba phezulu, kodwa izinzuzo zingase zigxile emaqenjini athile. I-Gini coefficient iyisilinganiso esivame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu sokungalingani kwemali engenayo. Inani eliphakeme le-Gini libonisa ukungalingani okubanzi.
Ukungalingani kubalulekile ngoba kuthinta ukuzinza komphakathi, amathuba ezomnotho, kanye nokuhambahamba komphakathi. Ukungalingani ngokweqile kungaphazamisa intuthuko yesikhathi eside, isibonelo, ngokunciphisa ukufinyelela emfundweni esezingeni eliphezulu engxenyeni encane yabantu.
5. Izinga Lokungasebenzi kanye Nekhwalithi Yomsebenzi
Intuthuko yezomnotho idala amathuba emisebenzi abanzi. Ngakho-ke, amazinga okungasebenzi, amazinga okungasebenzi kahle, kanye namazinga okuhlanganyela kwabasebenzi ngokuvamile asetshenziswa njengezilinganiso.
Kodwa-ke, kugxilwa kakhulu ekhwalithini yemisebenzi: ukuthi imisebenzi etholakalayo isemthethweni noma ayihlelekile, ukuthi amaholo ayanele, ukuthi izivikelo zomphakathi ziyatholakala, ukuthi amahora okusebenza afanelekile, nokuthi ukuphepha emsebenzini kuyaqinisekiswa yini. Umnotho ungakhula, kodwa uma iningi labasebenzi livaleleke emkhakheni ongahlelekile oneholo eliphansi, inhlalakahle ngeke ithuthuke ngokwanele.
6. Ukukhiqiza kanye nesakhiwo sezomnotho
Ezinye izinkomba ezibalulekile ukukhiqiza kwabasebenzi (umkhiqizo ngesisebenzi ngasinye) kanye nokukhiqiza okuphelele (i-TFP). Intuthuko yezomnotho enempilo ayimayelana nje "nokwandisa amahora okusebenza" noma "abasebenzi abengeziwe," kodwa kunalokho mayelana nokwandisa ukusebenza kahle ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe, ukuphatha, kanye nokusungula izinto ezintsha.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinguquko esakhiweni somnotho—isibonelo, ukushintsha kusuka kwezolimo zendabuko kuya ezimbonini ezinenani elanele kanye nezinsizakalo zesimanje—zivame ukubonakala njengezimpawu zokuguqulwa komnotho. Amazwe athembele ezintweni ezingavuthiwe asengozini yokuguquguquka kwamanani emhlabeni wonke, okwenza ukuhlukahluka kube inkomba ebalulekile.
7. Izinkomba Zempilo Nokudla Okunomsoco
Nakuba imbozwe kancane yi-HDI, izinkomba zezempilo zingahlolwa ngokuningiliziwe: izinga lokufa kwezinsana, izinga lokufa komama, ukusabalala kokukhubazeka, ukufinyelela ekugonyweni, kanye nokutholakala kwabasebenzi bezempilo. Intuthuko yezomnotho ephumelelayo ivame ukuhambisana nokuthuthukiswa kokudla okunempilo kanye nezinsizakalo zezempilo zomphakathi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukukhula okungalingani kungashiya izinkinga zempilo ezingamahlalakhona emaqenjini asengozini.
8. Izinkomba Zemfundo Namakhono
Imfundo iyisisekelo sokukhiqiza kanye nokusungula izinto ezintsha. Ngaphandle kweminyaka ejwayelekile yokufunda, ezinye izinkomba ezifanele zifaka amazinga okubhalisa esikoleni, ikhwalithi yokufunda, ukufunda nokubhala kanye nezibalo, kanye nokuqeqeshwa kwemisebenzi. Izwe lingafinyelela imali engenayo ekhuphukayo, kodwa uma ikhwalithi yemfundo isala ngemuva, ukuncintisana kwalo kwesikhathi eside kuzoncipha.
9. Ukufinyelela Ingqalasizinda Eyisisekelo kanye Nezinsizakalo
Intuthuko ingabonakala nangokufinyelela kwabantu izinsizakalo eziyisisekelo: ugesi, amanzi ahlanzekile, ukuhlanzeka, i-inthanethi, ezokuthutha, kanye nezindlu ezanele. Ingqalasizinda ayigcini nje ngokwenza kube lula imisebenzi yezomnotho kodwa futhi yandisa amathuba. Isibonelo, ukufinyelela i-inthanethi ngokulinganayo kungavula izimakethe futhi kwandise amathuba emisebenzi, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezazingahlali ndawonye ngaphambili.
10. Izinkomba Zemvelo Nokuzinza
I-GDP ayinciphisi umonakalo wemvelo. Uma amahlathi egawulwa noma ukungcola kukhuphuka, i-GDP ingakhuphuka ngenxa yokwanda komsebenzi wezomnotho, kodwa ikhwalithi yokuphila yesikhathi eside iyehla. Ngakho-ke, izinkomba ezifana nokukhishwa kwekhabhoni ngomuntu ngamunye, ikhwalithi yomoya, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, kanye nenkomba yengozi yesimo sezulu zibalulekile ekuhloleni intuthuko.
Ezinye izindlela zizama ukufaka izici zemvelo, njenge-Green GDP, evumelanisa umkhiqizo wezomnotho nezindleko zokuwohloka kwemvelo. Kukhona nezinkomba zezindawo ezizungezile, eziqhathanisa ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza namandla emvelo okuzibuyisela esimweni sazo.
11. Inkomba Yenhlalakahle Nenjabulo Eqondakalayo
Ngaphezu kwezinkomba zezinto ezibonakalayo, amanye amazwe aqala ukugxila enhlalakahleni engokombono wawo, isibonelo ngokusebenzisa izinhlolovo ngokwaneliseka kwempilo, umuzwa wokulondeka, ikhwalithi yobudlelwano bezenhlalo, kanye nempilo yengqondo. Isibonelo yi-World Happiness Report, ehlanganisa idatha kwezomnotho, ukwesekwa kwezenhlalo, ubude bempilo enempilo, inkululeko, kanye nemibono yenkohlakalo. Nakuba ingokombono wawo, lesi sibonakaliso sisiza ekubambeni izilinganiso zenhlalakahle ezivame ukunganakwa ezibalweni zokukhiqiza.
12. Ikhwalithi Yokuphatha Nezikhungo
Izikhungo ezinamandla zikhuthaza isimo sokutshalwa kwezimali, ukusebenza kahle kwehhovisi likahulumeni, ukuqiniseka kwezomthetho, kanye nokulawulwa kwenkohlakalo. Izinkomba ezifana nemibono yenkohlakalo, ukubusa komthetho, ukusebenza kahle kukahulumeni, kanye nekhwalithi yokulawula kuthonya ikhono lezwe lokufeza intuthuko esimeme. Ukukhula okuphezulu kungaba buthakathaka uma kusekelwa ukubusa okubi.
Isiphetho
I-GDP isalokhu iyinkomba ewusizo yomsebenzi wezomnotho, kodwa ayanele ukulinganisa intuthuko ngokuphelele. Intuthuko yezomnotho kufanele iqondwe njengenqubo yokuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yokuphila kwabantu ngendlela eqhubekayo: ukunciphisa ubumpofu, ukuthuthukisa impilo nemfundo, ukuhlinzeka ngomsebenzi omuhle, ukunciphisa ukungalingani, ukwakha ingqalasizinda elinganayo, ukuvikela imvelo, nokuqinisa izikhungo. Ngakho-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwezinkomba ngaphandle kwe-GDP—njenge-HDI, ubumpofu obuhlukahlukene, inkomba ye-Gini, ikhwalithi yomsebenzi, izinkomba zemvelo, kanye nokubusa—kuya ngokuya kubaluleke kakhulu ukuze inqubomgomo yomphakathi ilandele hhayi nje izibalo zokukhula kodwa futhi nokuchuma kwangempela nokulinganayo.
Uma kufiswa, lesi sihloko singandiswa ngezibonelo ezivela e-Indonesia (isb., izitayela ku-Human Development Index, i-Gini Ratio, i-stumting, kanye ne-emissions), noma sigcwaliswe ngethebula lesifinyezo ngesibonakaliso ngasinye kanye nemithombo yaso yedatha esemthethweni (i-BPS, iBhange Lomhlaba, i-UNDP).
