Umlando Wokutholakala Kweplanethi iVenus
Umlando wokutholakala kweVenus uhambo olude oluchaza isimangaliso sezinkanyezi, kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo kuya enkathini yanamuhla. Njengento ekhanyayo yasezulwini ngemva kweLanga neNyanga, iVenus idonsele ukunaka kwabantu izinkulungwane zeminyaka. Lesi sihloko sizohlola inqubo yokutholwa kanye nokuhlolwa kwesayensi kwale planethi kusukela ekuqaleni kwempucuko kuya ocwaningweni lwakamuva.
Ulwazi Lwasendulo NgeVenus
Imiphakathi yasendulo, njengeGibhithe, iMesopotamiya, neGrisi, yayivele imazi uVenus njenge "Nkanyezi Yokusa" kanye "neNkanyezi Yokuhlwa" ngenxa yokubonakala kwayo esibhakabhakeni ngalezi zikhathi. Esikweni laseMesopotamiya, uVenus wayaziwa ngokuthi "u-Ishtar," unkulunkulukazi wothando nempi. EGrisi lasendulo, amagama anikezwayo kwakungu "Phosphoros" weNkanyezi Yokusa kanye "noHesperos" weNkanyezi Yokuhlwa. Ngokuthuthuka kwesayensi yezinkanyezi eGrisi lasendulo, uPythagoras ngekhulu lesi-6 BC waqaphela ukuthi "Phosphoros" kanye "noHesperos" kwakuyinto efanayo, uVenus.
Iminikelo Yezazi Zezinkanyezi ZamaSulumane
Phakathi neNkathi Ephakathi, isayensi yaseNtshonalanga yayithonywe kakhulu yizinkanyezi zamaSulumane. Izazi zezinkanyezi zasePheresiya, njengo-Al-Khwarizmi no-Al-Sufi, zakha amakhathalogi ezinkanyezi kanye nezifundo eziphelele zokuhamba kwamaplanethi, okuhlanganisa neVenus. Zasebenzisa izindawo zokubuka eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi zakha amatafula ezinkanyezi anembe kakhulu, kamuva aba yisisekelo sezinkanyezi zaseNtshonalanga ngesikhathi seNguquko Yesayensi.
I-Scientific Revolution kanye Nokubuka KukaGalileo
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-17, iNguquko Yesayensi yaletha intuthuko enkulu ekuqondeni iVenus. Unyaka ka-1610 waphawula ingqophamlando ebalulekile lapho uGalileo Galilei esebenzisa iteleskopu ukubheka iVenus eduze okokuqala. UGalileo wathola ukuthi iVenus yayinezigaba ezifana neNyanga—okuwukuthola okwasekela imodeli kaCopernicus egxile emkhathini, lapho amaplanethi ayejikeleza khona iLanga, hhayi uMhlaba.
Ukutholakala kukaGalileo kwabonisa ukuthi iVenus ijikeleza iLanga, ngakho ukukhanya okuboniswa emuva eMhlabeni kuyahlukahluka ngokuya ngesimo seVenus eLangeni naseMhlabeni. Lokhu kutholakala akuqinisekisanga nje kuphela imodeli ye-heliocentric kodwa futhi kwajulisa ukuqonda kwethu nge- dynamics ye-orbital yeplanethi.
Ukuqaphela Okwengeziwe Nokutholakala Komkhathi
Ngekhulu le-18, ezinye izazi zezinkanyezi, njengoJeremiah Horrocks, zaqhubeka nokufunda ngokuhamba kweVenus—izikhathi lapho iVenus inqamula ubuso beLanga ngokombono woMhlaba. Lokhu kuhamba kubalulekile ekulinganiseni amabanga phakathi kwamaplanethi . Ngo-1761, uMikhail Lomonosov, usosayensi waseRussia, wabona ukuhamba kweVenus futhi waphetha ngokuthi iplanethi yayinomkhathi. Lokhu kwaba ukutholwa okubalulekile, okushintsha ukuqonda kososayensi ngesimo seVenus futhi kwavula indlela yocwaningo lweplanethi lwanamuhla.
Uhambo Lwanamuhla kanye Nesikhathi Sesikhala
Ngokuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe ngekhulu lama-20, ukuhlola iVenus kwafinyelela ezingeni elisha. Ngo-1962, indiza-mkhathi ye-NASA iMariner 2 yandiza ngempumelelo ngeVenus, iqoqa idatha ebalulekile ngomkhathi womhlaba kanye nokushisa kobuso. I-Mariner 2 yembula ukuthi iVenus inokushisa okuphezulu kakhulu kobuso, okufinyelela kuma-degree Celsius angu-475 (887 degrees Fahrenheit), kanye nomoya ojiyile kakhulu olawulwa yi-carbon dioxide, onengcindezi yobuso ephindwe izikhathi ezingu-92 kunoMhlaba.
Lolu cwaningo lwavula amehlo ososayensi ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu eVenus, okuhlukile kakhulu embonweni wangaphambilini weplanethi "njengewele" loMhlaba . Idatha evela kuMariner 2 yaholela emisebenzini elandelayo yaseSoviet, okuhlanganisa nochungechunge lwe-Venera lwama-rover. Phakathi kuka-1967 no-1983, uhlelo lwe-Venera lwathumela ama-probe amaningana afike ngempumelelo ebusweni beVenus futhi adlulisa idatha, yize lokhu kwathatha imizuzu embalwa kuphela ngenxa yezimo ezimbi kakhulu.
Ukungena Enkathini Yanamuhla
Ngawo-1990, umsebenzi we-NASA iMagellan wasebenzisa i-radar ukumaka ubuso beVenus ngesisombululo esiphezulu. UMagellan wembula ukuthi iVenus inezintaba-mlilo ezingaphezu kuka-1600 kanye nezinkundla zezintaba-mlilo, okubonisa umsebenzi oyinkimbinkimbi we-geology. Ucwaningo olwengeziwe luveze nezici ezifana nokuqhekeka kwezintaba kanye nezintaba ezinkulu, okuphakamisa umsebenzi oqhubekayo we-tectonic.
Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, ucwaningo ngeVenus luye lwaqhubeka neminye imisebenzi efana ne-European Space Agency (ESA) Venus Express eyasungulwa ngo-2005 kanye ne-Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) Akatsuki ngo-2010. Laba bangane beVenus basize ososayensi ukuba bahlole ngokujulile izimfihlakalo zomkhathi ogcwele amafu e-sulfuric acid, ukujikeleza komoya okusheshayo, kanye nezimo zombani ezenzeka lapho.
Umnikelo Wedatha Ophelele
Le mizamo yokubuka inikeze idatha ephelele ngokwakheka komkhathi, izimo zobuso, kanye nokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu kuVenus. Okunye okutholwe okuthakazelisayo kwaba ukuba khona "kwamakolishi aseVenus," abonisa ukuhlukahluka ngobukhulu kanye nesimo esiguquguqukayo somkhathi. Lolu cwaningo luhlinzeka ngokuqonda okubalulekile hhayi nje ngeVenus uqobo kodwa nangendlela umkhathi weplanethi oguquka futhi ushintsha ngayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Isiphetho kanye nocwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo
Ukutholakala kweVenus kube uhambo olude olugcwele izinto ezitholakele ezimangalisayo kanye nentuthuko yesayensi eguqukayo. Kusukela ekubonweni kwasendulo njengenkanyezi ekhanyayo esibhakabhakeni kuya enkathini yanamuhla yemisebenzi yasemkhathini kanye nobuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe, isinyathelo ngasinye sinikeze ukuqonda okujulile ngeplanethi. Ucwaningo ngeVenus luhlala luyinto ebalulekile ekuhloleni amaplanethi, kanye nemisebenzi yesikhathi esizayo ehlelelwe ukwembula izimfihlo eziningi zomakhelwane boMhlaba. Ukuqonda okuphelele ngeVenus ngeke kuthuthukise ulwazi lwethu ngesimiso sonozungezilanga kuphela kodwa futhi kuzohlinzeka ngezinkomba ezibalulekile zokufunda izimo zezulu kanye nemimoya yezinye amaplanethi, kuhlanganise noMhlaba ngokwawo.
I-Venus, nayo yonke imfihlakalo nobuhle bayo, iyaqhubeka nokuphefumulela abantu ukuba bahlole futhi baqonde kabanzi ngendawo yonke esiphila kuyo. Umlando omude wocwaningo lwe-Venus ubonisa ukuqhubeka kwesintu siphishekela ukuthola nokuhlola lokho okungaphansi kwaleli zwe elibonakala likude futhi lihlukile. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buthuthuka, abacwaningi banethemba lokuthola izimpendulo eziqondile mayelana nokuvela kwe-Venus kanye nokwenzeka kokuphila, noma nje izimo ezazisekela, esikhathini esidlule seplanethi.
