Inkolelo-mbono yokukhuphuka kwe-cosmic ingenye yezinkolelo-mbono eziningi zesayensi ezihlose ukuchaza omunye wemibuzo emikhulu ku-cosmology: indawo yonke yethu enkulu yathuthuka kanjani kusukela esimweni sokuqala esincane nesinzima kangaka? Eyethulwa yisazi sesayensi u-Alan Guth ngo-1980, lo mqondo usize ekuxazululeni amaphazili amaningana inkolelo-mbono yendabuko ethi "Big Bang" eyayinzima ukuwachaza ngaphambilini.
Kodwa-ke, ngaphambi kokuba singene shí embonweni we-inflation ye-cosmic, kungumqondo omuhle ukuqala siqonde isizinda sokuthi kungani le mbono idingeka.
Izinkinga ku-Big Bang Theory
Ithiyori yeBig Bang ibilokhu iyincazelo ehamba phambili yemvelaphi yendawo yonke. Ngokwale thiyori, indawo yonke yaqala njengendawo exinene kakhulu futhi eshisayo eyabe isiqhuma futhi yanda. Nakuba ithiyori yeBig Bang iphumelele kakhulu ekuchazeni izenzakalo ezahlukahlukene zendawo yonke, njengesizinda se-cosmic microwave (CMB) kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwemithala, kunezinkinga eziningana le thiyori engenakuzichaza, okuhlanganisa:
1. Inkinga Yokuba Lula: Okubonwe kukhombisa ukuthi indawo yonke ithambe kakhulu (cishe ibe yi-Euclidean geometry). Njengoba indawo yonke kufanele igobe kakhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lokhu kudinga izimo zokuqala ezikhethekile kakhulu.
2. Inkinga Yomkhathi: Kuyo yonke indawo ebonakalayo, izinga lokushisa lemisebe ye-CMB licishe lifane. Ososayensi bayadideka ukuthi kungani izingxenye zendawo yonke ezingakhulumisani (ngenxa yejubane lokukhanya) zinezinga lokushisa elifanayo.
3. Inkinga ye-Monopole: Imibono yefiziksi isikisela ukuthi ama-monopole asindayo kamagnetic kwakufanele akheke ngamanani amakhulu endaweni yonke yakuqala. Kodwa-ke, okubonwe kukhombisa ukuthi asiboni lezi zinhlayiya ngamanani abalulekile.
Iyini i-Cosmic Inflation Theory?
Ithiyori yokwehla kwamandla emvelo iwumzamo wokuxazulula lezi zinkinga ngokuphakamisa ukuthi kwakukhona isigaba sokwanda okusheshayo okukhulu esifundeni sasendulo somlando wendawo yonke, kusukela cishe emizuzwini engu-10^{-36}\) kuya ku-10^{-32}\) ngemva kweBig Bang.
Kusebenza Kanjani Ukukhuphuka Kwentengo?
Empeleni, ukukhuphuka kwamandla emali kuchaza isikhathi lapho indawo yonke yanda khona ngesilinganiso se-\(10^{26}\) ngokushesha kunokwanda okuvamile. Lesi silinganiso sokukhula sishesha kakhulu kunesivinini sokukhanya, yize sisahambisana nokuhlobana okuvamile ngoba isikhala ngokwaso siyanda, hhayi izinto ezihamba kuso.
Ngokwalo mbono, ukukhuphuka kwamanani kwabangelwa insimu ye-scalar ebizwa ngokuthi "i-inflaton." Amandla angaba khona ensimu ye-inflaton abusa ubuningi bamandla bendawo yonke ezigabeni zayo zokuqala, okwabangela ukwanda okusheshayo. Lapho ukukhuphuka kwamanani kuphela, amandla ensimini ye-inflaton aguqulwa abe yizinhlayiya ezikhona namuhla, futhi indawo yonke yangena esigabeni esihamba kancane, esivumelana kakhulu nokubona kwethu kwamanje.
Izinzuzo ze-Cosmic Inflation Theory
1. Ukuxazulula Inkinga Yokuthamba: Ukwehla kwamandla emali kwasondeza indawo yonke esimeni esithe tyaba ngokuphelele. Lapho kwenzeka ukwehla kwamandla emali, noma yikuphi ukugoba kwesikhathi sesikhala kwancishiswa ukwanda okusheshayo. Lokhu kuchaza ukuthi kungani sibona indawo yonke ecishe ibe yi-Euclidean namuhla.
2. Ukuchaza Inkinga Yokukhuphuka Kwezinga: Ukwehla kwamandla emali kucabanga ukuthi ngaphambi kwesikhathi sokukhuphuka kwamandla emali, yonke indawo yayisesimweni esifanayo (esifanayo nesingafani) ezikalini ezincane kakhulu. Isikhathi sokukhuphuka kwamandla emali sabe sesikhulisa lesi sifunda esifanayo saya ezikalini ze-cosmic esizibona namuhla, sichaza ukufana kokushisa kwe-CMB esibhakabhakeni.
3. Ukubhekana Nenkinga Ye-Monopole: Ukwehla kwamandla emali kuvimbela ukwakheka kwenani elikhulu lama-monopole. Uma kwenzeka ukwehla kwamandla emali, noma yiziphi izinhlayiya ze-monopole ezikhona zithwalwa kude kakhulu nomkhathi wethu wokubuka, okwenza zibe yivelakancane kakhulu endaweni yethu ebonakalayo.
Imiphumela Yokubuka Nokuhlola
Esinye sezibikezelo ezibalulekile zethiyori yokwehla kwamandla emali yiphethini ye-spectral yemisebe yangemuva ye-cosmic. Okubonwe yi-COBE, WMAP, kanye ne-Planck satellites kunikeze ubufakazi obuqinile obusekela ukwehla kwamandla emali, okuhambisana nokuguquguquka kwe-quantum okwakukhona ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke ukwehla kwamandla emali. Le datha isekela umqondo wokuthi isakhiwo esikhulu sendawo yonke sivela ekuguqukeni kwe-quantum.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhuphuka kwamandla emali kubikezela iphethini ekhethekile ku-CMB ebizwa ngokuthi "i-B-mode polarization." Imizamo yokubuka ukuthola lesi siginali iyaqhubeka kusetshenziswa ama-telescope athuthukile njenge-BICEP2 kanye ne-South Pole Telescope.
Ukugxekwa kanye nezinselele
Nakuba inkolelo-mbono yokukhuphuka kwentengo yezinto ezizungezile iheha kakhulu futhi inikeza izixazululo zezinkinga eziningana ngenkolelo-mbono yendabuko ye-Big Bang, nayo ibhekene nokugxekwa. Okunye kokugxekwa okuyinhloko ukuntuleka kokuqonda okucacile kwendlela esebenza ngayo insimu ye-inflaton uqobo. Kuze kube manje, akukho zinhlayiya noma insimu ku-Standard Model ye-particle physics efana nezici zensimu ye-inflaton ephakanyiswe yinkolelo-mbono yokukhuphuka kwentengo.
Abanye ososayensi banomuzwa wokuthi inkolelo-mbono yokukhuphuka kwentengo iguquguquka kakhulu futhi ivumelana nezinhlobo ezahlukene zokubuka, ngaleyo ndlela inciphisa amandla ayo okubikezela. Eqinisweni, ezinye izifundo ziyabuza ukuthi ukukhuphuka kwentengo ngokwako kungahlolwa ngokuthembekile ngokubuka.
Isiphetho
Inkolelo-mbono yokukhuphuka kwe-cosmic iyingqophamlando enkulu kwi-cosmology yanamuhla, enikeza ikhambi elihle ezinkingeni eziningana ngenkolelo-mbono yendabuko ye-Big Bang. Naphezu kokubhekana nezinselele eziningi kanye nokugxekwa, ubufakazi obuningi bokubuka busekela lo mbono. Ucwaningo nentuthuko kuyaqhubeka ukuthuthukisa ukuqonda kwethu ngokukhuphuka kwe-inflation, okungase futhi kuvule amafasitela amasha ku-physics eyisisekelo kanye nemvelaphi yendawo yonke yethu.
Njengasesayensini jikelele, inkolelo-mbono yokwehla kwamandla emkhathini ishintsha njalo, futhi ikusasa cishe lizokwembula izimfihlakalo ezengeziwe zale ndawo yonke emangalisayo. Kungumsebenzi wososayensi, besebenzisa amathuluzi okubuka nawokuhlola ayinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe, ukubhekana nalezi zinselele nokujulisa ukuqonda kwethu ngalokho okwenzeka ngempela ezikhathini zokuqala zendawo yonke.
