Ucwaningo Lwezimo Zesintu Ngezizwe Ezihlukanisiwe
I-Pengantar
I-Anthropology iyisifundo sesayensi esihlola abantu ngezindlela ezahlukene, njengezici zamasiko, ezenhlalo, zebhayoloji, kanye nezilimi. I-anthropology yamasiko , ikakhulukazi, ihlola amasiko, izindinganiso, kanye nezindinganiso eziphethwe amaqembu ahlukahlukene abantu. Esinye isihloko socwaningo esithakazelisayo ku -anthropology yamasiko yizizwe ezingahlali muntu, ezihlanganisa amaqembu abantu abahlala bodwa emifuleni yomhlaba wonke. Lesi sihloko sizohlola esinye sezizwe ezinjalo ezingahlali muntu, sigxile ezicini zaso zamasiko nezenhlalo kanye nezinselele ezibhekene nazo lapho zibhekene noshintsho.
Isingeniso Sezizwe Ezihlukanisiwe
Izizwe ezihlukanisiwe zingamaqembu abantu abahlala kude nethonya lempucuko yanamuhla. Ezinye zalezi zizwe zizihlukanisa ngamabomu ukuze zilondoloze amasiko azo kanye nokubaluleka kokuxhumana kwazo nemvelo. Isibonelo esidumile sesizwe esihlukanisiwe ngabantu baseSentinele baseziQhingini zase-Andaman, eNdiya. Kuze kube namuhla, amaSentinele ayenqaba konke ukuxhumana nomhlaba wangaphandle futhi alondoloza indlela yawo yokuphila elula nezimele.
Izici Zezenhlalo Namasiko
Izazi ze-anthropology zinesithakazelo endleleni izizwe ezihlukene ezifana namaSentinelese eziphila ngayo impilo yazo yansuku zonke nokuthi izakhiwo zazo zomphakathi zakhiwa kanjani. Endabeni yamaSentinelese, impilo yazo yomphakathi iwumphakathi futhi ilingana kakhulu. Akukho sigaba esicacile sezenhlalo, futhi izinqumo zivame ukwenziwa ngokuvumelana. Zisebenzisa uhlelo lokuhlukanisa imisebenzi ngokusekelwe eminyakeni nekhono, njengokuzingela, ukuqoqa, nokwakha izindawo zokukhosela.
Isiko lezinto ezibonakalayo lamaSentinele libonakala ngokusebenzisa amathuluzi alula abazenzela wona ngezinto zemvelo. Baziwa ngekhono labo elimangalisayo lokusinda ezindaweni ezishisayo ezinzima. Impilo yabo engokomoya ixhumene kakhulu nemvelo, ngemikhuba eminingi nezinkolelo ezihlonipha indawo yonke kanye nokhokho babo.
Izinselele Okubhekana Nazo
Nakuba amaSentinele ekwazile ukugcina indlela yawo yokuphila, izinselele zangaphandle ziyaqhubeka nokuziveza. Esinye sezinsongo ezinkulu ezibhekene nesizwe esihlukanisiwe yizifo. Ngenxa yokuthi abakaze bavezwe ezifweni ezivamile ezitholakala emphakathini wanamuhla , amasosha omzimba abo asengozini enkulu. Ukuxhumana nabantu bangaphandle kungaletha izifo ezingaba yingozi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kanye nokugawulwa kwamahlathi nakho kusongela indawo yazo yemvelo. Izintshisekelo zezentengiselwano ezigxile ezintweni zemvelo ezindaweni zazo zengeza ingcindezi ekusindeni kwazo. Izizwe eziningi ezingaxhunywanga emhlabeni wonke zibhekene nezinselele ezifanayo, kusukela ekusetshenzisweni kabi kwamahlathi kuya ezingxabanweni nezinkampani zezimayini.
Ngo-2018, isigameko sadonsa amehlo omhlaba wonke: isithunywa sevangeli esigama laso linguJohn Allen Chau sadutshulwa sabulawa ngabantu baseSentinele ngesikhathi bezama ukusondela esiqhingini sabo. Lesi sigameko saqokomisa izingozi ezibhekene nazo zombili izinhlangothi ezimweni ezinjalo: abantu baseSentinele bezama ukuvikela umhlaba wabo namasiko abo, kanye nabantu bangaphandle abangaba nezinhloso ezinhle kodwa abangaba usongo.
Ukuvikelwa Kwezomthetho Nokuziphatha
Indaba yokuthi zingavikelwa kanjani amalungelo ezizwe ezingaxhunywanga iyisihloko esibalulekile ku-anthropology. Umthetho waseNdiya, isibonelo, uvikela ngokuqinile isifunda samaSentinelese, uvimbela noma yikuphi ukuxhumana ngaphandle kwezinjongo zesayensi ezilinganiselwe kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, naphezu kwalezi zivikelo zomthetho, ukuziphatha kokungenelela kusalokhu kuyindaba yempikiswano. Umbuzo uphakama ngokuthi kungakanani ukuxhumana kwangaphandle nezizwe ezingaxhunywanga okufanele kuvunyelwe noma okungafanele kuvunyelwe, nokuthi ungaqinisekisa kanjani ukuthi ukuxhumana okunjalo akuphazamisi indlela yazo yokuphila.
Elinye Icala: Isizwe SaseKorowai ePapua
Ngaphandle kwamaSentinelese, abantu baseKorowai basePapua bangesinye isibonelo sesizwe esizimele esiphila ngamasiko ahlukile. AmaKorowai adumile ngezindlu zawo zemithi, ezakhiwe phezulu ezihlahleni ukuze azivikele ekuhlaselweni yizilwane nakwamanye amaqembu. Ahlala emaqenjini amancane, azimele, futhi ukuzingela nokuqoqa kuyimisebenzi yawo yansuku zonke.
Izifundo ze-anthropology zibonisa ukuthi amaKorowai anesimiso sezinkolelo esiyinkimbinkimbi, esinabantu abangokomoya kanye nezinganekwane ezicebile. Aphinde abhekane nezinselele ezifanayo nezinye izizwe ezingaxhunywanga, njengezifo kanye nengcindezi evela kubantu bangaphandle abafuna ukuxhaphaza imithombo yemvelo endaweni yabo.
Ushintsho Nokuzivumelanisa Nezimo
Nakuba izizwe eziningi ezihlukanisiwe zikhetha ukuziqhelelanisa nempucuko yanamuhla, ezinye seziqala ukubonisa izimpawu zokuzivumelanisa nezimo. Abantu baseMentawai baseSumatra, e-Indonesia, isibonelo, sebeqala ukwamukela amathonya angaphandle ngesimo semfundo nemikhiqizo yesimanje ngenkathi besazama ukugcina isiko labo. Lezi zinguquko zivame ukubonakala ngokusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe obulula, njengamathuluzi okulima esimanje noma imishini yokudoba esebenza kahle kakhulu.
Nokho, lokhu kuguqulwa kwesimo akunampikiswano. Ezinye izazi zemvelaphi nemvelo zithi ukuxhumana nomhlaba wangaphandle kungaholela ekulahlekelweni kobunikazi bamasiko ezizweni ezihlukanisiwe. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abanye bathi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo kuyinto yemvelo futhi kungasiza lezi zizwe ukuba zisinde ezimweni ezishintsha kakhulu.
Isiphetho
Izifundo ze-anthropology zezizwe ezihlukanisiwe njengeSentinelese kanye neKorowai zinikeza ukuqonda okujulile kokuthi abantu bangaphila kanjani ngokuzimela nangokuvumelana nemvelo, kude nempucuko yanamuhla. Zinikeza umbono oyingqayizivele ngokuhlukahluka kwamasiko kanye nekhono lomuntu lokusinda ezimweni ezinzima. Kodwa-ke, zibhekene nezinsongo ezinkulu ezivela ezifweni, ekuxhashazweni, nasekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu.
Izindaba zokuziphatha nezomthetho eziphathelene nokuvikelwa kwabantu abangaxhunywanga ziya ngokuya zibaluleke kakhulu esimweni sokwanda kwembulunga yonke. Umphakathi womhlaba wonke unesibopho sokuhlonipha nokuvikela amalungelo abantu abangaxhunywanga, ngenkathi futhi ufuna izindlela zokuqinisekisa ukuthi bangaphila ngokwezindinganiso namasiko abo.
Ucwaningo lwesintu lwezizwe ezingaxhunywanga alugcini nje ngokunikeza ukuqonda ngokuhlukahluka kwamasiko abantu kodwa futhi lusiphonsela inselelo yokucabanga kabusha ngentuthuko nokuthi kufanele sisebenzisane kanjani nemiphakathi ekhetha izindlela ezahlukene zokuphila. Indlela ebucayi nelinganisiwe ehlonipha amalungelo abantu ibalulekile kukho konke ukuxhumana nabo.
