Izifundo Ze-Anthropology Ngoshintsho Lomphakathi Nokuguqulwa Kwamasiko
Ushintsho lomphakathi kanye nokuguqulwa kwamasiko kuyimibono emibili ehlala ikhona empilweni yomuntu. Akukho mphakathi ongaguquki ngempela; wonke umphakathi ubhekana nezindinganiso ezishintshayo, ubudlelwano bomphakathi obushintshayo, kanye nokuguqula izindlela zokuphila ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. I-anthropology, njengesayensi efunda abantu ezimweni zabo zenhlalo namasiko , idlala indima ebalulekile ekuchazeni ukuthi ushintsho lwenzeka kanjani, kungani lwenzeka, nokuthi imiphumela yalo izwakala kanjani ngabantu ngabanye namaqembu. Ngendlela ephelele—ukucabangela ezomnotho, ezombusazwe, inkolo, ubuchwepheshe, imvelo, kanye nomlando—i-anthropology isisiza ukuqonda ushintsho hhayi nje “njengentuthuko” noma “ukubuyela emuva,” kodwa njengenqubo eyinkimbinkimbi ehilela izingxoxo zencazelo namandla.
Ukuqonda ushintsho lomphakathi kanye nokuguqulwa kwamasiko
Ushintsho lomphakathi lubhekisela ekushintsheni kwesakhiwo kanye namaphethini obudlelwano bomphakathi, njengoshintsho ohlelweni lomndeni, ukuhlukaniswa kwemisebenzi, ukwahlukaniswa komphakathi, izikhungo zemfundo, noma izinhlangano zezepolitiki. Okwamanje, ukuguqulwa kwamasiko kugxila kakhulu ekushintsheni kwezinhlelo zencazelo: amanani, izindinganiso, izimpawu, ulimi, ulwazi lwendawo, imikhuba yamasiko, kanye nobunikazi beqembu. Lokhu kokubili kuxhumene: ushintsho lobuchwepheshe lungashintsha amaphethini okuxhumana komphakathi; kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, izinguquko encazelweni kanye nezindinganiso zinganquma ukuthi lobo buchwepheshe bumukelwa noma bunqatshwa kanjani.
Ngokombono wesintu, isiko akuyona nje ifa lokhokho okufanele lilondolozwe ngaphandle kokugxekwa, kodwa kunalokho liyinto ephilayo futhi ephindaphindwa njalo. Amasiko ayasinda ngoba ahlala ehunyushwa kabusha ukuze ahlangabezane nezidingo zesikhathi. Ngokuphambene nalokho, lokho okubonakala "kusha" kuvame ukujwayelana nomqondo wendawo, okuholela ezinhlotsheni zamasiko ezihlukile, kunokuba kumane kukopishwe kwamanye amazwe.
Uhlaka lwe-anthropological ekushintsheni kokufunda
I-Anthropology inezindlela eziningana zokuqonda ushintsho. Okokuqala, indlela yokusebenza ibheka umphakathi njengohlelo olunezingxenye ezixhumene. Izinguquko esicini esisodwa—isibonelo, umnotho—zizothinta ezinye izici, njengomndeni noma amasiko. Okwesibili, indlela yokungqubuzana igcizelela ukuthi ushintsho luvame ukuvela ekungalinganini nasekulweleni izinsiza. Kusukela kulo mbono, ukuguqulwa kwamasiko akuthathi hlangothi, njengoba izintshisekelo zamaqembu amakhulu zingabumba indlela yoshintsho ngemfundo, abezindaba, kanye nenqubomgomo. Okwesithathu, indlela yokuhumusha igcizelela ukuthi isiko “liyinethiwekhi yencazelo” elukiwe ngabantu. Ushintsho luqondwa ngendlela abantu abahumusha ngayo okuhlangenwe nakho okusha, baqambe iqiniso, futhi bakhe ubuwena.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-anthropology yesimanje ithuthukisa nemibono ngokuhlanganiswa komhlaba kanye nobuzwe obuhlukahlukene. Njengoba ukuhamba kwabantu, izimpahla, kanye nolwazi kuhamba ngokushesha, ushintsho alugcini nje emphakathini kodwa futhi luthonywa amanethiwekhi omhlaba wonke: ukufuduka, ezokuvakasha, amapulatifomu edijithali, izimboni zamasiko, kanye nezinqubomgomo zomnotho womhlaba wonke. Ngakho-ke, imingcele phakathi kwendawo kanye nomhlaba wonke iya ngokuya ishintshashintsha.
Izici ezibangela ushintsho: kusukela kubuchwepheshe kuya endaweni ezungezile
Izinto eziningi zingabangela ushintsho emphakathini kanye nokuguqulwa kwamasiko. Ubuchwepheshe buyisihluthulelo esibalulekile. Ukuvela kwama-smartphone, i-inthanethi, kanye nezinkundla zokuxhumana, isibonelo, kushintshe indlela abantu abaxhumana ngayo, abasebenza ngayo, abathengisa ngayo, ngisho nabenza ngayo ubudlelwano obungokomzwelo. Amasiko omlomo angabhalwa phansi kuvidiyo, kodwa futhi asengozini yokuba lula ngenxa yokuqukethwe okusabalele. Ngokomnotho, ukuthuthukiswa kwezimboni kanye nomnotho wemakethe kungaguqula amaphethini okukhiqiza asekelwe ekuzilibaziseni abe ngawezohwebo, kuthonye ukuhlukaniswa kobulili kwabasebenzi futhi kushintshe isigqi sempilo.
Izici zezombusazwe nazo zidlala indima, ikakhulukazi ngezinqubomgomo zikahulumeni: ukuhlela indawo, izinhlelo zokuthuthukisa, imithethonqubo yezemfundo, kanye nokuqashelwa kobunikazi beqembu. Izinqubomgomo zingaqinisa uhlobo olulodwa lwesiko "njengelusemthethweni" ngenkathi zibeka eceleni eminye imikhuba. Ngokufanayo, inkolo kanye nezinhlangano zenkolo kungadala izinguquko ezindinganisweni, njengemithetho yokugqoka, ukuziphatha komphakathi, ngisho nemikhuba yamasiko.
Izici zemvelo zibaluleke ngokulinganayo. Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, izinhlekelele, ukuwohloka kwemvelo, noma ukuncipha kwezinsiza zemvelo kungashintsha indlela yokuphila futhi kuphoqe imiphakathi ukuthi izivumelanise nezimo. Isibonelo, imiphakathi yasogwini ethintwe ukukhungatheka ingase ibhekane nokufuduka , ekugcineni kushintshe isakhiwo somndeni, ubunikazi bomhlaba, kanye nobunikazi "njengabantu basogwini."
Izinqubo zokushintsha kwamasiko: ukusabalala, ukuhlangana kwezamasiko, kanye nokuhlanganiswa
I-Anthropology isebenzisa imiqondo ehlukahlukene ukuchaza inqubo yoshintsho. Ukusabalala ukusabalala kwezinto zamasiko kusuka eqenjini elilodwa kuya kwelinye, njengokudla, umculo, noma izitayela zemfashini. Ukuhlangana kwamasiko kubhekisela ekuhlanganeni kwamasiko okunamandla nokuqhubekayo okuholela ekuthonyeni okufanayo; ngokuvamile, izinto ezintsha ziyaguqulwa, hhayi nje ukushintshwa. Ukuhlanganiswa kuchaza inqubo ethuthuke kakhulu yokuhlanganiswa, lapho umehluko wamasiko uhlangana khona, kunciphisa ubunjalo bendabuko.
Kodwa-ke, izazi eziningi ze-anthropology zigcizelela ukuhlanganiswa: isiko lesimanje livame ukuba yinhlanganisela yokudala. Isibonelo, imikhosi yendabuko manje isebenzisa izikhulumi zesimanje futhi isakazwa bukhoma ezinkundleni zokuxhumana. Kwabanye, lokhu kubhekwa "njengokungangcwele," kodwa kwabanye, kuyindlela yokugcina amasiko efanele futhi efinyeleleka ezizukulwaneni ezisencane.
Umthelela woshintsho: phakathi kwamathuba kanye nokungezwani
Ushintsho lomphakathi alujatshulelwa kahle ngaso sonke isikhathi. Ukuguqulwa kwamasiko kuvame ukudala ukungezwani phakathi kwezizukulwane: izizukulwane ezindala zibona ushintsho njengosongo ezindinganisweni, kuyilapho izizukulwane ezincane zibona njengendawo yokuziveza nethuba. Emiphakathini ethuthuka emadolobheni, ubumbano lomphakathi lungaba buthaka njengoba izindlela zokuphila ziba zodwa. Kodwa-ke, ngesikhathi esifanayo, kuvela izinhlobo ezintsha zobumbano ngokusekelwe emiphakathini yezintshisekelo, imisebenzi, noma amanethiwekhi edijithali.
Ushintsho lungandisa nokungalingani. Ukufinyelela okungalingani emfundweni, ezobuchwepheshe, kanye nemali yezomnotho kusho ukuthi amanye amaqembu azivumelanisa nezimo ngokushesha, kanti amanye asalele emuva. I-Anthropology ikhombisa ukuthi ukungathuthuki kahle akuyona nje indaba "yobuvila" noma "ukungabi namandla," kodwa kunalokho kuyinkinga yesakhiwo: ukuthi ubani ophethe izinsiza, ubani onamandla okubumba inqubomgomo, nokuthi izwi likabani elizwakalayo.
Kwezinye izimo, ushintsho lubangela ukumelana: ukunyakaza kokulondoloza izilimi zesifunda, ukuphikiswa kwezimayini, ukugxekwa kwezokuvakasha okukhulu, noma izimfuno zokuqashelwa kwamalungelo abomdabu. Lokhu kumelana akuhlali kuphambene nesimanje, kodwa kunalokho kuwumzamo wokuxoxisana ngendlela ushintsho oluzokwenzeka ngayo ukuze lungalimazi umphakathi.
Izindlela ze-anthropological: ukubheka ushintsho eduze
Amandla e-anthropology alele endleleni ye-ethnographic—ucwaningo lwasensimini olusebenzisa ukubuka kwabahlanganyeli, izingxoxo ezijulile, kanye nokuzibandakanya ngqo empilweni yansuku zonke yemiphakathi efundwayo. Ngale ndlela, izazi ze-anthropology azigcini nje ngokubhala “ushintsho” kodwa futhi nendlela abantu ababhekana ngayo nalezo zinguquko: imizwa yabo, ukukhathazeka, amathemba, kanye namasu okubhekana nazo.
I-Anthropology iphinde isebenzise umlando womlomo, izifundo zomlando, kanye nezindlela eziningi zokulandelela amanethiwekhi oshintsho kuzo zonke izifunda—isibonelo, ukutadisha abafuduki abavela ezindaweni zasemakhaya kuya emadolobheni nokubona ukuthi bagcina kanjani amasiko, bakha imiphakathi yabafuduki, futhi bathumele amathonya ekhaya ngemali, izindlela zokuphila, noma imibono emisha.
Isiphetho
Ucwaningo lwe-anthropological lokushintsha komphakathi kanye nokuguqulwa kwamasiko lufundisa ukuthi ushintsho luyingxenye engahlukaniseki yokuphila komuntu. Akuyona indlela eyodwa, akuhlali kuqondile, futhi cishe njalo kuhilela izingxoxo zencazelo kanye nobudlelwano bamandla. I-anthropology isisiza sibone ukuthi amasiko angashintsha ngaphandle kokulahleka, futhi isimanje singashintshwa ngaphandle kokulinganiswa. Ngokuqonda inqubo yoshintsho ngokujulile—ngokuhlangenwe nakho okuqondile komphakathi—singakha izinqubomgomo zomphakathi kanye nezimo zengqondo ezinobulungiswa , ezithinta amasiko, futhi ezisekela ukusimama kokuphila ndawonye. Ekugcineni, ukuqonda ushintsho kusho ukuqonda abantu njengezidalwa ezifunda njalo, ezivumelanisa nezimo, futhi ezidala incazelo entsha ezweni elihambayo.
