Ubudlelwano Phakathi Kwe-Anthropology kanye Nezimiso Zokuziphatha Zocwaningo
I-Anthropology yisayensi efunda abantu ngokuphelele—kusukela emibonweni yamasiko, yezenhlalo, yebhayoloji, kanye neyomlando. Ngenxa yokuthi izinjongo zayo zokutadisha ngabantu kanye nemiphakathi yabo, i-anthropology ayinakuhlukaniswa nemibuzo yokuziphatha: indlela abacwaningi abasebenzisana ngayo nabahlanganyeli, indlela idatha eqoqwa ngayo, ukuthi ubani ozuzayo, ukuthi ubani osengozini yokulimala, nokuthi imiphumela yocwaningo ishicilelwa kanjani. Yilapho ukuziphatha kocwaningo kungena khona indima. Ukuziphatha kocwaningo kuyisethi yezimiso zokuziphatha kanye neziqondiso zobungcweti ezilawula izenzo zabacwaningi ukuze ucwaningo lwenziwe ngokuzibophezela, luhloniphe isithunzi somuntu, futhi lungabangeli imiphumela emibi engadingekile. Ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-anthropology kanye nokuziphatha kocwaningo busondelene kakhulu ngoba izindlela ezihlukile ze-anthropology—njenge-ethnography kanye nokubuka kwabahlanganyeli—ziletha abacwaningi ngqo empilweni yomphakathi yemiphakathi abayifundayo.
I-Anthropology njengocwaningo "oluseduze" nabantu
Ngokungafani nocwaningo olwenziwa ngokuphelele emalabhorethri noma kusetshenziswa idatha yesibili, ucwaningo lwe-anthropology luvame ukudinga ukusondelana okukhulu phakathi kwabacwaningi nemiphakathi. Emsebenzini wasensimini, izazi ze-anthropology zingachitha izinyanga noma ngisho neminyaka nemiphakathi, zihlanganyela emisebenzini yansuku zonke, zibukele imisindo yomphakathi, futhi zakha ubudlelwano bomuntu siqu. Lokhu kusondelana kuveza ulwazi olucebile, kodwa futhi kuphakamisa izinkinga zokuziphatha. Isibonelo, abacwaningi bangaqopha nini izingxoxo ezingakahleleki? Ingabe wonke umuntu uyaqonda ukuthi ukusebenzisana kwabo kuyingxenye yocwaningo? Abacwaningi bangaqinisekisa kanjani ukuthi ukuba khona kwabo akushintshi ukuziphatha komphakathi noma kubangele ingxabano yangaphakathi?
Ngakho-ke, ukuziphatha kocwaningo ku-anthropology akuyona nje indlela yokuphatha, kodwa kunalokho iyisisekelo esinquma ukufaneleka kwenqubo yocwaningo. Ngaphandle kokuziphatha, ucwaningo lungaba uhlobo lokuxhashazwa: ukuthatha idatha kanye nezindaba zokuphila kwabanye ngaphandle kwemvume efanele noma ukunaka imiphumela yomphakathi.
Izimiso zokuziphatha kocwaningo ku-anthropology
Empeleni, izimiso zokuziphatha zocwaningo zihlanganiswe ezimisweni eziningana ezijwayelekile ezisetshenziswa kabanzi ocwaningweni lwezenhlalo: inhlonipho yokuzimela, ukungabi nonya, ububele, kanye nobulungiswa. Ngokomongo we-anthropology, lezi zimiso zinencazelo ehlukile.
Okokuqala, inhlonipho yokuzimela ihlobene nemvume enolwazi. Abacwaningi kudingeka bachaze izinhloso zocwaningo, izindlela, izingozi, izinzuzo, nokuthi idatha izosetshenziswa kanjani. Inselele iwukuthi emiphakathini ethile, umqondo "wemvume" awuhlali ungowomuntu ngamunye. Eminye imiphakathi ibeka phambili imvume ehlangene ngabaholi bendabuko, abaholi benkolo, noma izinhlaka zobuholi bendawo. Lapha, i-anthropology ifundisa ukuzwela kwamasiko: abacwaningi kudingeka balungise indlela yokuthola imvume ngaphandle kokwephula amalungelo omuntu ngamunye amalungu omphakathi.
Okwesibili, ukungenzi umonakalo kusho ukuthi abacwaningi kumele banciphise umonakalo ongaba khona—kungaba ngokomzimba, ngokwengqondo, ngokwenhlalo, noma ngokwezomnotho. Ku-anthropology, umonakalo emphakathini uvame ukubonakala kakhulu. Isibonelo, ukudalula izingxabano zangaphakathi, ubuwena bezepolitiki, noma imikhuba yamasiko ebandlululwayo kungabangela ukucwaswa futhi kunciphise amaqembu athile. Ngisho nezincwadi zesayensi zingaba nemiphumela, ikakhulukazi uma umphakathi ofundwayo ubonakala kalula.
Okwesithathu, ukwenza okuhle kusho ukuthi ucwaningo kufanele lunikeze izinzuzo, okungenani hhayi kumcwaningi kuphela. Izinzuzo akudingeki zibe yinto ebalulekile ngaso sonke isikhathi, kodwa zingafaka phakathi imibhalo yolwazi lwendawo, izincomo zenqubomgomo ezizuzisa umphakathi, noma ukwakhiwa kwamakhono ngokuqeqeshwa. Kodwa-ke, lesi simiso sidinga futhi ukuqaphela ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umbono womcwaningi "ngenzuzo" awubi yisizathu sokusunduza uhlelo oluthile.
Okwesine, ubulungiswa bugcizelela ukuthi imithwalo nezinzuzo zocwaningo kumele zabelwane ngokulinganayo. Ku-anthropology, udaba lobulungiswa luvela lapho abacwaningi abavela ezikhungweni ezinamandla befunda imiphakathi esengozini, futhi ulwazi oluvelayo luveza izinzuzo zezemfundo, zezimali, noma idumela ezingabuyeli emphakathini. Ukuziphatha kudinga ukubuyisana nokuqashelwa okufanele.
Izindlela ze-Ethnographic kanye nezinkinga zokuziphatha
I-Ethnography iwuphawu lwe-anthropology: indlela yokuqonda isiko ngokombono womuntu wangaphakathi ngokubandakanyeka okuqondile. Le ndlela ihilela ukubuka abahlanganyeli, izingxoxo ezijulile, kanye nokubhala phansi okuhlangenwe nakho kwansuku zonke. Kungenxa yokuthi i-ethnography ingena endaweni yangasese yokuphila komphakathi ukuthi ukuziphatha kuya kuba nzima kakhulu.
Inkinga eyodwa evamile iphathelene nomngcele phakathi kwendima yomcwaningi nobudlelwano bomuntu siqu. Emkhakheni, abacwaningi bangaba abangane, "imindeni ephethe," noma abantu abathembekile kubanikezeli bemininingwane. Lobu budlelwano bungathuthukisa ikhwalithi yedatha, kodwa bungadala nokungalingani kwamandla: abanikezeli bemininingwane bangase bazizwe benesibopho sokusiza umcwaningi, noma umcwaningi angase asebenzise kabi ukusondelana kwabo ukuze athole ulwazi oluyimfihlo.
Enye inkinga iphathelene nokugcinwa kwemfihlo kanye nokungaziwa. Izazi ze-anthropology zivame ukutadisha imiphakathi emincane, ngakho-ke noma amagama efihliwe, imininingwane yezindaba, izindawo, noma imicimbi ingaveza ubunjalo babahlanganyeli. Ngakho-ke, umkhuba wokuziphatha kahle udinga okungaphezu kokushintsha amagama nje; amasu anjengokufihla imininingwane ethile, ukuhlanganisa abalingiswa (okuhlanganisiwe), noma ukuxoxa nabahlanganyeli ngezinga eliphephile lokudalula kuyadingeka.
Kukhona nezinselele zokubuka ezindaweni zomphakathi. Kwezinye izimo, abacwaningi bangase bacabange ukuthi imisebenzi ezindaweni zomphakathi ingabukwa ngaphandle kwemvume ethile. Kodwa-ke, indlela yokuziphatha ebucayi iyabuza: ingabe abahlanganyeli banokulindela okunengqondo kobumfihlo? Ingabe kukhona ingozi yokuthi ukuziphatha kwabo kubikwe? I-Anthropology ikhuthaza ukuzindla ngomongo, hhayi ukulandela nje imithetho ejwayelekile.
Ukuziphatha, amandla, kanye nomlando we-anthropology
Ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-anthropology kanye nokuziphatha kocwaningo abunakuhlukaniswa nomlando wesifundo. I-anthropology igxekwe ngokuxhumana kwayo nobukoloniyali, lapho ucwaningo ngemiphakathi eyayibukoloniyali lwalusetshenziselwa izinjongo zokuphatha nokulawula. Lokhu kugxekwa kuqinisa ukuqaphela ukuthi ulwazi alulokothi lungathathi hlangothi; ucwaningo luhlala lufakwe kumanethiwekhi amandla. Ngakho-ke, i-anthropology yanamuhla igcizelela ukuziphatha njengomzamo wokuqeda ubudlelwano bamandla nokugwema ukuphindaphindwa kwemikhuba yokuxhaphaza.
Esimweni samanje, izinkinga zamandla zivela ekutheni ubani ochaza inkinga yocwaningo, ubani ophethe idatha, nokuthi ubani onquma indaba yokugcina. Izimiso zokuziphatha zocwaningo zikhuthaza amamodeli ahilelekile kakhulu—isibonelo, ukubandakanya imiphakathi ekwakhiweni kwemibuzo yocwaningo, ukuqinisekisa okutholakele ndawonye, noma ukuvumela isikhala samazwi endawo ezincwadini.
Ukuziphatha kokushicilela kanye nobunikazi bedatha
Izimiso zokuziphatha zocwaningo azipheli lapho umsebenzi wasensimini usuqediwe. Izigaba zokuhlaziya kanye nokushicilela nazo zinemiphumela yokuziphatha. Okokuqala, abacwaningi kudingeka bacabangele umthelela wokushicilela: ingabe ukubhala kungadala ukucwaswa, ingxabano, noma ukungenelela okulimaza umphakathi? Okwesibili, kunenkinga yobunikazi bedatha: ingabe ukuqoshwa kwezingxoxo, izithombe, kanye namanothi asensimini kufanele kugcinwe unomphela? Ubani okufanele abe nokufinyelela kukho? Esikhathini sedijithali, isitoreji samafu, ukugcinwa kwemibhalo evulekile, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwedatha ocwaningweni olwengeziwe kudinga imvume ecacile.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izazi ze-anthropology zivame ukubhekana nombuzo: ingabe abahlanganyeli banelungelo lokufunda uhlaka lomsebenzi wabo noma ukucela ukuthi kususwe izingxenye ezithile? Umkhuba okhulayo wokuziphatha okuhle "ukuhlola amalungu," noma impendulo yabahlanganyeli, yize lokhu kusadingeka kulinganiswe nobuqotho besayensi kanye nokuvikelwa kwabanye abanolwazi.
Izimiso zokuziphatha zocwaningo enkathini yezokuxhumana zedijithali nezenhlalo
Intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe yandise insimu ye-anthropology yaba yizindawo zedijithali: izinkundla zokuxhumana eziku-inthanethi, imiphakathi yemidlalo, amapulatifomu ezokuxhumana nabantu, namaqembu ezingxoxo. Lapha, imingcele phakathi komphakathi nangasese iya ngokuya ifiphala. Idatha ingase itholakale "ngokusobala," kodwa abasebenzisi abacabangi njalo ukuthi okuthunyelwe kwabo kuzohlaziywa ukuze kwenziwe ucwaningo. Izimiso zokuziphatha zocwaningo zidinga abacwaningi ukuthi bahlole okulindelwe ubumfihlo, bafune imvume lapho kudingeka, futhi bavikele ubunikazi bedijithali obulandeleka kalula.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo lwedijithali lwandisa ingozi yokucaphuna, ukucaphuna kabi, kanye nokuhumusha okuphambene nomongo. I-Anthropology, ngendlela yayo ephelele, ingasiza abacwaningi baqonde izincazelo zamasiko zokuziphatha oku-inthanethi, kuyilapho ukuziphatha kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuqonda okunjalo akulimazi abantu ngabanye noma amaqembu.
I-Penutup
Ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-anthropology kanye nokuziphatha kocwaningo buyisisekelo futhi buqinisana. I-anthropology, ngokugxila kwayo empilweni yabantu kanye namasiko, idinga izinga eliphezulu lokuzwela kokuziphatha, njengoba abacwaningi bengagcini nje ngokubona kodwa futhi bakha ubudlelwano, bangena ezindaweni zokuhlala zabanye, futhi bakhiqize izindaba ngabo. Okwamanje, ukuziphatha kocwaningo kunikeza ikhampasi yokuqoqwa kwedatha, ukuhlaziywa, kanye nokushicilelwa okuhlonipha isithunzi somuntu, kunciphisa ingozi, futhi kubeke phambili ubulungiswa. Ezweni eliyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe—kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kungenxa yokungalingani komphakathi, umlando wamakoloni, noma ubuchwepheshe bedijithali—i-anthropology enamandla inokuziphatha okuhle: iyazindla, inesibopho, futhi izibophezele esintwini.
