Ukugxekwa Kwangemva Kobukoloni Ezifundweni Ze-Anthropological
I-Pengantar
I-Anthropology, njengesifundo sesayensi yezenhlalo esifunda abantu namasiko abo, ayinakuhlukaniswa nomlando wobukoloni. Njengesifundo sezemfundo, i-anthropology yavela futhi yathuthuka ngesikhathi sobukoloni, lapho amazwe aseYurophu eqoqa izifunda ezahlukene zomhlaba. Lesi simo saveza imiphumela eyinkimbinkimbi futhi evame ukuba yinkinga. Ukugxekwa kwangemva kobukoloni ezifundweni ze-anthropology kuhlose ukuxazulula nokugxeka ukuthi ifa lobukoloni liqhubeka kanjani nokuthonya izindlela, imibono, kanye nezinhloso zezifundo ze-anthropology kuze kube namuhla.
Isizinda kanye Nomongo Wobukoloni
Ukuze uqonde ukugxekwa kwangemva kobukoloni ku-anthropology, kubalulekile ukuqonda umongo womlando wobukoloni uqobo. Ubukoloni buyinqubomgomo noma umkhuba ohilela ukubuswa kwesinye isizwe ngesinye, ngokuvamile ngenhloso yokuxhashazwa kwezomnotho kanye nokubuswa kwezepolitiki. Ekhulwini le-18 nele-19, izazi ze-anthropology zazivame ukusebenza ngaphakathi kohlaka lwamakoloni, ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile, olwaluvame ukusekela isakhiwo samandla obukoloni.
Kunemiphumela emibili eyinhloko yalokhu: Okokuqala, inqubo yokuqoqwa kwedatha kanye nokwakhiwa kwemfundiso yayivame ukuqhutshwa ngaphansi kombono wokuthi amasiko aseYurophu aphakeme. Okwesibili, i-anthropology ngaleso sikhathi yayivame ukuqhutshwa ngezinhloso ezazisiza ekuphathweni kwamakoloni, njengokudweba amaqembu ezinhlanga namasiko endawo.
Ukugxekwa Kwangemva Kobukoloni: Ukubhidlizwa Kwezakhiwo kanye Nenkinga Yokubusa
Izindlela zangemva kobukoloni zigxila ekuhlukaniseni izindaba ezibhekwa njengezinamandla neziyiqiniso isikhathi eside. Ngokomongo we-anthropology, lokhu kuhlaziya kuhlose ukuhlola ukuthi le sayensi yakhelwe kanjani ezicatshangweni ezithile ezizuzisa izintshisekelo zobukoloni.
1. Ukungajwayelekile kanye nama-stereotypes
Esinye sezigxeko eziyinhloko siphathelene nokuthambekela kwe-anthropology kokwenza amanye amasiko abe 'ahlukile' futhi ahluke ngokuphelele kumasiko aseNtshonalanga. Le nqubo ihilela ukuqhathanisa amasiko ngendlela engavamile, ukunciphisa ubunzima bamasiko kube yinto etholakala kalula yizilaleli zaseNtshonalanga. Umsebenzi wezazi ze-anthropology ezifana no-Edward Said emsebenzini wakhe othi "Orientalism" uqokomisa indlela ukumelwa kwamasiko aseNtshonalanga avame ukugcwala ngayo imibono engavamile kanye nokucwasa.
2. Isikhundla Sesihloko Nokungakhethi Kwesayensi
Ukugxekwa kwangemva kobukoloniyali nakho kuphonsela inselelo izimangalo zokungakhethi ocwaningweni lwe-anthropology. Isikhundla sesazi se-anthropologist 'njengombukeli ongathathi hlangothi' sivame ukungabaza ngoba izifundo ezifundwayo ngabantu ababhekana namandla ayinkimbinkimbi. Kulokhu, isazi se-anthropologist saseNyakatho Melika uVine Deloria Jr. sigxeke i-anthropology njengethuluzi lokuqhubekisela phambili ukubusa kwamasiko nezepolitiki kwamakoloni ngokufihla amandla ngemuva kwesimo sezemfundo 'esinenjongo'.
3. Izwi le-Ejensi kanye ne-Subaltern
Enye yezinto ezikhathaza kakhulu izifundiswa zangemva kobukoloni ezifana noGayatri Chakravorty Spivak ukubaluleka kokunikeza izwi kumaqembu ahlukunyezwe noma “ahlukunyezwe”. Ezifundweni ze-anthropology, lokhu kusho ukunikeza isikhala imibono nemibono yalabo abafundwayo, abamazwi abo avame ukunganakwa noma ukucindezelwa yizindaba ezivelele. USpivak ubuza umbuzo othinta inhliziyo othi, “Ingabe Ama-Subaltern Angakhuluma?”—eqokomisa ukuthi kunzima kangakanani ukuthi amazwi avela eceleni azwakale ngempela ezingxoxweni zobuhlakani ezibuswa imibono yaseNtshonalanga.
Indlela Entsha: I-Anthropology Ebucayi
Ukuphendula lokhu kugxekwa kwangemva kobukoloni, kuye kwavela izindlela ezintsha ezahlukahlukene ku-anthropology ezifuna ukugxeka kakhulu nokucabanga kabusha. Ezinye zalezi zindlela zifaka:
1. I-Anthropology Yokuziphendukela Engqondweni
Indlela yokucabanga edinga izazi ze-anthropology ukuba ziqaphele futhi zigxeke ukuma kwazo ocwaningweni. Lokhu kuhlanganisa nokucabangela ukuthi ubunikazi bazo, izizinda zabo, kanye nokubandlulula kwabo kuthinta kanjani inqubo yocwaningo kanye nokuchazwa kwemiphumela.
2. Ukuhlanganyela Komphakathi Okusebenzayo Ocwaningweni
Ukubandakanya umphakathi wocwaningo ngenkuthalo kuzo zonke izigaba zocwaningo kuwumzamo wokunciphisa ukungalingani kwamandla. Le ndlela iyaqaphela ukuthi umphakathi unolwazi lwendawo olubalulekile futhi olusebenzayo enqubweni yocwaningo.
3. Ukubhala Ngezinhlobo Zobuntu Ngezwi Eliningi
Ekubhalweni kwe-ethnographic, abanye ososayensi be-anthropology sebeqala ukusebenzisa izindaba ezahlukahlukene kakhulu ukumela ubunzima bamasiko kanye nemibono ehlukahlukene ekhona. Lokhu kuhlose ukwethula amazwi ayiqiniso avela emiphakathini efundwayo.
Ucwaningo Lwecala Nokusetshenziswa
Kunezibonelo eziningana eziqondile zendlela ukugxekwa kwangemva kobukoloniyali okusetshenziswe ngayo ezifundweni zesimanje ze-anthropological. Isibonelo esisodwa isifundo sokumelana namasiko esimweni sokucindezelwa kwamakoloniyali kanye nangemva kobukoloniyali. Isibonelo, isifundo samasiko ase-Afro-Caribbean sibonisa ukuthi amasiko abhekwa “njengaseceleni” angaba kanjani imithombo yamandla kanye nobuwena lapho ebhekene nobukhosi bamakoloniyali.
Izazi ze-anthropology zaseNdiya, njengo-Arjun Appadurai, nazo zenze umsebenzi obalulekile ochaza ukuthi ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kuthinta kanjani ubunikazi bamasiko kanye nemiphakathi yasendaweni. Ukugcizelela kwakhe "esimweni sokugeleza" kubonisa ukuthi isiko alimile futhi aliguquki, kodwa liyashintsha futhi lihlala lisenkambisweni yokushintsha.
Isiphetho
Ukugxekwa kwangemva kobukoloni ezifundweni ze-anthropology akulona nje umzamo wezemfundo wokuqonda nokugxeka ifa lobukoloni, kodwa futhi kuyiphrojekthi yokuziphatha yokwakha izindlela nemibono ebandakanyayo nelinganayo. Ngokuphonsela inselelo izindaba ezibusayo nokuvula isikhala samazwi ahlukunyeziwe, i-anthropology inethuba lokuba wusizo kakhulu ekuqondeni ubunzima obushintshayo besintu kanye nemiphakathi yethu.
Njengoba sibhekene nezinselele zomhlaba zanamuhla ezifana nokufuduka kwabantu, ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu, kanye nezingxabano zamasiko, kubalulekile ukuthi i-anthropology ihlale ivumelana nezimo futhi ifunde ekugxekweni kwangemva kobukoloni. Kuphela ngokubhekana nezinkinga zesikhathi esidlule lapho i-anthropology ingathemba khona ukuba ithuluzi elinokuziphatha okuhle neliphumelelayo ekuqondeni umhlaba wethu oyinkimbinkimbi nohlukahlukene.
