I-Anthropology Yezengqondo kanye Nokuguquguquka Kokuziphatha Komuntu
I-Anthropology kanye ne-psychology kuyimikhakha emibili esebenzela ukuqonda abantu ngezindlela ezahlukene. Uma lokhu okubili kuhlanganiswa, insimu eyaziwa ngokuthi i-psychological anthropology iyazalwa. I-Psychological anthropology iyisigaba esincane esisebenzisa izindlela ezivela kuzo zombili lezi mikhakha ukuze sijule kakhulu ekuguqukeni kokuziphatha komuntu. Ngale lensi, singaqonda ukuthi isiko, indawo ezungezile, nezinye izici zihlangana kanjani ne-psychology yomuntu ngamunye ukuze zakhe okuhlangenwe nakho okuhlukile komuntu.
I-Anthropology Yezengqondo
I-psychology anthropology izama ukuhlanganisa izindlela zokulinganisa kanye nezindlela zokulinganisa ukuze kutholakale ukuqonda okuphelele kokuziphatha komuntu. I-Anthropology, ngendlela yayo yokulinganisa, inikeza ukuqonda ngesimo samasiko, izinkolelo, imikhuba, kanye nezakhiwo zomphakathi. Okwamanje, i-psychology, ngendlela yayo yokulinganisa, igxila ngokujulile ezicini zengqondo, ngokomzwelo, kanye nengqondo yabantu ngabanye.
Kusukela lapha kungenzeka ukuhlanganiswa okuvumela ukuqonda okujulile nokuphelele kokuthi abantu basabela kanjani endaweni abakuyo, ukuthi baxhumana kanjani nomhlaba obazungezile, nokuthi izindawo zamasiko nezakhiwo zidlala kanjani indima ekwakheni ubuntu nokuziphatha komuntu ngamunye.
Isiko Nokuziphatha
Isiko liyisici esibaluleke kakhulu esithonya ukuziphatha kwabantu. Izindinganiso, izindinganiso, amasiko, namasiko kuwumkhiqizo womlando omude wentuthuko yamasiko odluliselwe esizukulwaneni kuya kwesinye. Isiko lisebenza njengemephu yomphakathi kanye nekhampasi eqondisa abantu empilweni yabo. Kodwa-ke, umuntu ngamunye unencazelo ehlukile yezakhi zamasiko, kuye ngokuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe, imfundo, nezinye izici ezithonya intuthuko yakhe.
Isibonelo, emasikweni ahlangene, njengalawo atholakala e-Asia, ubumbano kanye nokuzwana komphakathi kuyaziswa kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, abantu kula masiko bavame ukubeka phambili izintshisekelo zeqembu kunezomuntu ngamunye. Ngokuphambene nalokho, emasikweni azimele, njengalawo atholakala emazweni amaningi aseNtshonalanga, inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye kanye nokuziveza kugcizelelwa kakhulu. Indlela ye-psychology anthropological ingasiza ekuchazeni ukuthi lokhu kwehluka kwamasiko kuthinta kanjani indlela abantu abacabanga, abazizwa ngayo, kanye nezenzo zabo.
Ukuziphatha Nokuthuthukiswa Kwengane
Enye yeminikelo emikhulu ye-psychology anthropology ukuqonda kwayo intuthuko yengane. Intuthuko yengane ayihlukaniseki nesimo samasiko nesendawo ekhulela kuyo. Lezi zici ziyasebenzisana nezigaba zentuthuko yengqondo yengane, zakha umzila ohlukahluka kuye ngamasiko.
Isibonelo esithakazelisayo yisifundo sikaMargaret Mead ngeSamoa. Encwadini yakhe ethi, "Coming of Age in Samoa," uMead uhlole indlela inqubo yobusha ehluke ngayo kakhulu phakathi kwamasiko aseSamoa nawaseNtshonalanga. Uthole ukuthi ubusha eSamoa babungenzima kakhulu futhi bugcwele izingxabano kunenqubo efanayo e-United States, ngaleso sikhathi eyayibhekwa njengenkathi egcwele izinkinga zobunikazi. Lokhu okutholakele kubonisa indlela umongo wamasiko ongathonya ngayo izigaba zokukhula kwezingane nentsha.
Ubuwena kanye Nobuntu
Ubunikazi bungenye isici esibalulekile sokutadisha i-anthropology yengqondo. Ubunikazi bomuntu ngamunye buyakhiwa yizici ezahlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa isiko, umndeni, umphakathi, kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho komuntu siqu. Ubunikazi abuguquki; buyashintshashintsha futhi bungashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi nezimo.
I-psychology anthropology isisiza siqonde ukuthi ubunikazi bomuntu siqu kanye nobezenhlalo (njengesigaba somphakathi, ubuzwe, kanye nobulili) buhlangana futhi buthintana kanjani. Isibonelo, emiphakathini enamasiko amaningi, abantu bavame ukwamukela ubunikazi obuxubile obubonisa amathonya avela emasikweni amaningi. Lokhu kungathonya indlela abantu abaxhumana ngayo nomhlaba obazungezile kanye nendlela abazizwa ngayo ngendawo yabo endaweni ebanzi yomphakathi.
Esinye isibonelo esicebile sivela ocwaningweni mayelana nobunikazi bobulili kuwo wonke amasiko. Kwamanye amasiko, ubulili bubhekwa njengobubanzi kunokuba kube ukwahlukana okulula kwabesilisa nabesifazane. Lokhu kulawulwa yizimiso nezindima ezahlukene zobulili, ezingathonya ubunikazi bobulili bomuntu ngamunye kanye nokuziphatha kobulili.
Izindlela Zokucindezeleka Nezokubhekana Nazo
Izindlela zokucindezeleka kanye nokubhekana nazo nazo ziyinto ebalulekile ekugxilweni kwesayensi yezengqondo. Isiko ngalinye linezindlela zalo ezihlukile zokubhekana nokucindezeleka noma izingcindezi zokuphila. Kwamanye amasiko, imikhuba yendabuko kanye namasiko omphakathi kungasebenza njengezindlela ezisebenzayo zokubhekana nezimo. Isibonelo, kwamanye amasiko, amasiko okuhlanzwa noma imikhosi yenkolo inganikeza ukuhlushwa ngokomzwelo okusiza abantu ukuba babhekane nokucindezeleka.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, emiphakathini yanamuhla, enobuntu, izindlela zokubhekana nazo zingase zibe ezomuntu siqu, njengokwelashwa kwengqondo noma imikhuba yokucabanga. Ukuqonda ukuthi isiko lithonya kanjani izindlela zokubhekana nazo kunganikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile kososayensi bezengqondo kanye nososayensi be-anthropologist ekwakheni izindlela zokungenelela ezisebenzayo nezifanele amasiko.
Ingqondo Nokuqonda Kwamasiko Ahlukene
Ukuqonda kwamasiko ahlukahlukene kuhlola ukuthi ukucabanga kanye nezinqubo zokuxazulula izinkinga zihluka kanjani kuwo wonke amasiko. Izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo zamasiko ahlukahlukene zithole ukuthi indlela abantu abacubungula ngayo ulwazi, benze izinqumo, futhi baxazulule izinkinga ivame ukuthonywa yindawo yabo yamasiko.
Isibonelo, ucwaningo lukhombisile ukuthi abantu abavela emasikweni ahlangene bavame ukucabanga ngezinkinga ngokuphelele futhi bacabangele umongo obanzi wezenhlalo. Okwamanje, abantu abavela emasikweni azimele bangagxila kakhulu emininingwaneni ethile futhi banamathuba amaningi okusebenzisa indlela yokuhlaziya. Lolu hlobo lwezifundo lunikeza ukuqonda okuthuthukisa ukuqonda kwethu ukuthi isiko libumba kanjani izinqubo zethu zokuqonda.
I-Psychopathology kanye neNgcikivo Yamasiko
I-psychology anthropology nayo idlala indima ebalulekile ekuqondeni i-psychopathology—igama elibhekisela ocwaningweni lwezinkinga zengqondo. Imibono yalokho okubhekwa “njengokujwayelekile” noma “okungavamile” ithonywa kakhulu isiko, futhi lokhu kuthonya indlela izifo zengqondo eziqashelwa, eziqondwa ngayo, futhi eziphathwa ngayo.
Ezinye izimo zempilo yengqondo zingase zibe zivamile noma ziqondene namasiko athile. Isibonelo, i-anorexia nervosa ivame ukuba ivame kakhulu emasikweni aseNtshonalanga, lapho izindinganiso zobuhle zigcizelela khona ukuba mncane. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ezinye izifo, njenge-"koro"—isimo lapho abantu bezwa khona ukwesaba okungenangqondo ukuthi izitho zabo zobulili zizoncipha futhi zinyamalale emzimbeni—zivame kakhulu eNingizimu naseMpumalanga Asia.
Ukuqonda ukucwaswa kwamasiko kubalulekile, njengoba kungaba yisithiyo esikhulu ekufuneni usizo nokwelashwa. Kwamanye amasiko, ukugula ngengqondo kungase kubhekwe njengophawu lobuthakathaka noma olubangelwa amandla angaphezu kwawemvelo, angathonya indlela abantu abafuna noma abathola ngayo ukwesekwa.
Isiphetho
I-anthropology yengqondo yembula ubudlelwano phakathi kwesiko nokuziphatha kwabantu futhi inikeza ukuqonda okujulile kwalezi zindlela. Ngokuhlanganisa izindlela kanye nokuqonda okuvela ku-anthropology kanye ne-psychology, singathola umbono ophelele wokuthi abantu bacabanga kanjani, bazizwa kanjani, futhi benze kanjani ngaphakathi kwezimo ezithile zamasiko nezendawo ezungezile. Kusukela ekuziboneni kuya ezindleleni zokubhekana nezimo, kusukela ekuqondeni kuya ku-psychopathology, i-anthropology yengqondo inikeza izindlela ezihlukile zokuqonda ubunzima bokuziphatha kwabantu.
Ekuphetheni, kubalulekile ukuthi abacwaningi kuzo zombili lezi zinsimu baqhubeke nokusebenzisana, babelane ngemibono, futhi bathuthukise imibono engasetshenziswa ukusiza abantu ngabanye kanye nemiphakathi ukuba ichume ezweni eliyinkimbinkimbi nelihlukahlukene.
