I-Anthropology Yezokwelapha kanye Nezindlela Eziphelele Zempilo
Impilo ivame ukuqondwa njengendaba yezinto eziphilayo kuphela: umzimba uyagula, kufunwa imbangela, bese kunikezwa ikhambi. Kodwa-ke, empilweni yansuku zonke, ulwazi lwempilo nokugula alukaze luhlukaniswe. Luthonywa indlela abantu abahumusha ngayo izimpawu, imikhuba yokudla, ubudlelwano bomndeni, izimo zomnotho, izingcindezi zomsebenzi, ukufinyelela izinsizakalo, izinkolelo zenkolo, ngisho nezindinganiso zamasiko mayelana nomzimba nesifo. Yilapho i-anthropology yezokwelapha iba khona ebalulekile—insimu esisiza sibone impilo njengento eyenzeka ngesikhathi esisodwa, engokwebhayoloji, kwezenhlalo, kwezamasiko, nakwezepolitiki. Ngaleli lensi, indlela ephelele yempilo akuyona nje isiqubulo, kodwa iyimfuneko yokuqonda umuntu wonke.
Iyini i-anthropology yezokwelapha?
I-anthropology yezokwelapha iyigatsha le-anthropology elifunda indlela imiphakathi ebheka ngayo impilo, ukugula, ukuphulukiswa, kanye nezinhlelo zokunakekelwa kwempilo. Lolu cwaningo luhlanganisa indlela umphakathi onikeza ngayo incazelo "ekuguleni," indlela ukugula okuchazwa futhi kuhlukaniswa ngayo, ukuthi ubani obhekwa njengogunyaziwe wokuphulukisa, nokuthi imikhuba yokuphulukisa ihlobene kanjani nezakhiwo zomphakathi namandla.
I-anthropology yezokwelapha nayo ihlukanisa amagama amaningana abalulekile. Isifo ngokuvamile sibhekisela enkingeni yezinto eziphilayo elinganiswa ngokwezokwelapha. Ukugula kubhekisela kokuhlangenwe nakho komuntu kokuzizwa engaphilile, okuhlanganisa ukwesaba, ukucwaswa, kanye nomthelela emphakathini. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukugula kuvame ukuqondwa njengesimo senhlalo lapho umuntu eqashelwa "njengogulayo" ngendawo akuyo, okuhlanganisa nemiphumela yezindima zomphakathi—isibonelo, ukuvunyelwa uphuthelwe umsebenzi noma ukubizwa ngokuthi ubuthakathaka.
Ngokuhlukanisa lezi zigaba ezintathu, i-anthropology yezokwelapha igcizelela ukuthi ukuxilongwa kwezokwelapha kuphela akwanele ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuchaza iqiniso. Abantu ababili abanokuxilongwa okufanayo bangabhekana nokuhlupheka okuhluke kakhulu kuye ngokusekelwa komndeni, izimo zomnotho, noma ukucwaswa emiphakathini yabo.
Kungani indlela ephelele idingeka?
Indlela ebanzi ibheka impilo njengomphumela wokuxhumana kwezici eziningi: ngokomzimba, ngokwengqondo, ngokwezenhlalo, ngokwesiko, ngokomoya, nangokwendawo ezungezile. Ezimweni eziningi, ukungenelela kwezokwelapha okuchwepheshile kungahluleka uma kungazinaki lezi zici. Isibonelo, isiguli esinomfutho wegazi ophakeme singase sinikezwe imithi ephumelelayo, kodwa ukucindezeleka kokuphila, ukudla komndeni, amahora amaningi okusebenza, kanye nokufinyelela kokudla okunempilo okubizayo kungaholela ekulawulweni kabi komfutho wegazi.
Indlela ehlanganisa konke ayisho ukwenqaba i-biomedicine. Kunalokho, isikhuthaza ukuthi sihambisane ne-biomedicine ngokuqonda umongo wempilo yesiguli. Empeleni, lokhu kusho ukuthi ochwepheshe bezempilo kudingeka bacabangele ukuxhumana, ubudlelwano bomndeni nesiguli, izimo zokusebenza, imikhuba yokudla, kanye nezinkolelo ezithonya izinqumo zokwelashwa.
Isiko lithonya incazelo yempilo nokugula
Isiko ngalinye linendlela yalo yokuchaza izimbangela zokugula. Abanye bagcizelela ukungalingani okukhulu, abanye baxhumanisa ukugula nokuphazamiseka okungokomoya, kanti abanye bakuchaza njengomphumela wokucindezeleka komphakathi noma ingxabano yomndeni. Lezi zincazelo azizona nje "izinkolelo," kodwa kunalokho ziyizinhlaka ezisiza abantu ukuba benze izinqumo: ukuthi kufanele babone nini udokotela, ukuthi kufanele baphumule isikhathi esingakanani, ukuthi kufanele bafune nini imithi yendabuko , noma ukuthi kufanele bafune nini usizo lwabaholi benkolo.
Isibonelo, kweminye imiphakathi, izikhalazo ezifana ne-"masuk angin" (umkhuhlane) ziqondwa njengezimo zangempela ezidinga ukwelashwa nge-cup, massage, noma iziphuzo ezifudumele. Ngokombono we-anthropology yezokwelapha , into ebalulekile akusikho ukuphikisana ngamagama uqobo, kodwa kunalokho ukuqonda ukuthi kungani le mikhuba ikholakala, ukuthi ithinta kanjani ukuziphatha kokufuna impilo, nokuthi ochwepheshe bezempilo bangaxhumana kanjani ngaphandle kokwehlisa isithunzi sesiguli.
Izinhlelo zezokwelapha eziningi: zendabuko, zesimanje, kanye nezinye izindlela
Emazweni amaningi, okuhlanganisa ne-Indonesia, umphakathi uhlala ezindaweni eziningi zezokwelapha: i-biomedicine (odokotela, izibhedlela) ihambisana nemithi yendabuko (imithi yamakhambi, ukubhucungwa, ababelethisi bendabuko), kanye nemikhuba ehlukile (i-acupuncture, i-cupping, ukuzindla). Abantu abaningi bahlanganisa le mikhuba ngendlela ewusizo: ukuze bathole umkhuhlane omncane, bazama imithi ethengiswa ngaphandle kwemithi kadokotela, ukuze bathole izikhalazo ezingapheli, bafuna ukwelashwa kwendabuko, bese bebona udokotela uma izimpawu ziba zimbi kakhulu.
I-anthropology yezokwelapha iyasiza ukuchaza ukuthi lezi zinketho zivame ukuba nengqondo ezimweni ezithile zenhlalo nomnotho. Ukufinyelela ezikhungweni zezempilo kungaba kude, kubize kakhulu, amahora esevisi alinganiselwe, noma okuhlangenwe nakho kwangaphambilini ezikhungweni zezempilo kungamukeleki. Okwamanje, abelaphi bendabuko bavame ukufinyeleleka kalula, banikeza ukubonisana isikhathi eside, futhi basebenzise ulimi olujwayelekile. Lokhu kusebenzisana kuthonya ukunamathela kanye nempumelelo yokwelapha.
Izinto ezibangela impilo emphakathini: ubumpofu, umsebenzi, kanye nokungalingani
Impilo akuyona nje indaba yokuzikhethela komuntu ngamunye kodwa ithonywa kakhulu yizici zesakhiwo. I-anthropology yezokwelapha igxile ezintweni ezithinta impilo yomphakathi: imfundo, imali engenayo, izindlu, ikhwalithi yemvelo, ukuphepha kwemisebenzi, ngisho nenqubomgomo yomphakathi.
Isibonelo, izifo zokuphefumula zingase zande hhayi ngenxa yokungazi komuntu ngamunye, kodwa ngenxa yokungcola komoya, izindlu ezinabantu abaningi, kanye nomsebenzi oyingozi ngaphandle kokuvikelwa okwanele. Ngokufanayo, ukungondleki kahle akubangelwa njalo "ukunganaki kwabazali," kodwa kungenxa yamanani okudla, ukusatshalaliswa kosizo olungalingani, noma ukufinyelela okulinganiselwe emanzini ahlanzekile. Indlela ephelele idinga ukubhekana nezimbangela eziyinhloko zalezi zinkinga ukuze ukungenelela kugweme ukusola isisulu.
Ukucwaswa kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho kwesiguli
Izifo eziningi ziphethe isihlamba: i-HIV/AIDS, ukugula ngengqondo, isifo sofuba, uchoko, ngisho nokungabi nabantwana. Isihlamba singavimbela abantu ekufuneni usizo, sibangele iziguli ukuba zifihle ukugula kwazo, noma ziyeke ukwelashwa. I-anthropology yezokwelapha ihlola indlela isihlamba esakhiwa ngayo ngezindaba zokuziphatha—isibonelo, ukugula kubhekwa njengomphumela wokuziphatha “okubi”—nokuthi leso sihlamba sisebenza kanjani emindenini, ezindaweni zokusebenza nasezikhungweni zezempilo.
Indlela ehlanganisa konke idinga amasu okunciphisa ukucwaswa: imfundo engahluleli, ubumfihlo, ukwesekwa kontanga, kanye nokubandakanyeka kwabaholi bomphakathi. Lapho kubhekwana nezici zengqondo, impumelelo yokwelashwa kwezokwelapha ivame ukwanda.
Ukuxhumana kwezokwelapha kanye nokuzwela kwamasiko
Ubudlelwano phakathi kodokotela nesiguli bungaphezu nje kokuthengiselana ngolwazi. Bungumhlangano wezizwe ezimbili: umhlaba wezokwelapha nolimi lwawo lobuchwepheshe kanye nezinqubo, kanye nomhlaba wesiguli okuhlangenwe nakho kwawo, okulindelwe, kanye nokuhumusha. I-anthropology yezokwelapha igcizelela ukubaluleka kokufaneleka kwamasiko futhi ithuthukisa nombono ngokuthobeka kwamasiko, okuwukuzimisela kochwepheshe bezempilo ukufunda njalo, ukuvuma imingcele, nokukhuthaza ingxoxo elinganayo.
Empeleni, lokhu kungasho ukubuza: “Ucabanga ukuthi yini ebangela lesi sikhalazo?” noma “Yini oyikhathalela kakhulu?” Imibuzo elula kangaka isiza umhlinzeki wezempilo ukuthi aqonde imodeli echazayo yesiguli, okwenza uhlelo lokwelapha lube ngokoqobo futhi lwamukeleke kakhudlwana.
Impilo njengokulinganisela: umzimba, ingqondo, ubudlelwano kanye nendawo ezungezile
Indlela ehlanganisa konke ihambisana nemibono eminingi yendawo ebheka impilo njengokulinganisela. Lokhu kulinganisela kuhlanganisa amaphethini okulala, ukudla okunomsoco, imizwa, ubudlelwano bomphakathi, kanye nokuxhumana kwabantu nemvelo. Esimweni sanamuhla, ukulinganisela kusho nokuphatha ukucindezeleka emsebenzini, ukugcina amanethiwekhi okusekela, kanye nokudala indawo yokuphila enempilo.
Ngakho-ke, ukungenelela kwezempilo okugxile emithini yemithi ngokuvamile akwanele. Izinhlelo zezempilo zomphakathi ezisebenzayo ngokuvamile zihlanganisa imfundo, izinguquko zemvelo, ukwesekwa komphakathi, kanye nenqubomgomo. Isibonelo, ukuvimbela isifo sikashukela akukhona nje "ukunciphisa ushukela," kodwa futhi kumayelana nokunikeza izindawo eziphephile zomsebenzi womzimba, ukufinyelela ukudla okunempilo okungabizi, kanye nokulawula ukukhangiswa kokudla okunoshukela omningi ezinganeni.
Iminikelo ye-anthropology yezokwelapha kwinqubomgomo yezempilo kanye nezinsizakalo
I-anthropology yezokwelapha inikela ngocwaningo lwe-ethnographic—ukubuka kanye nezingxoxo ezijulile—ekuqondeni izimpilo zeziguli kanye nemiphakathi. Imiphumela ingasetshenziswa ukuklama izinsizakalo ezisabela kakhudlwana: amahora esevisi aguquguqukayo, izindlela zokuxhumana ezinozwela kakhudlwana, izinhlelo zeqembu lezempilo ezisekelwe emphakathini, noma ukuhlanganiswa kwemikhuba yendawo ephephile nezinsizakalo ezisemthethweni.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-anthropology yezokwelapha isiza ekuhloleni izinqubomgomo zezempilo: ukuthi izinhlelo ziyahlangabezana yini nezidingo zendawo, ukuthi obani abazuzayo, obani abashiywa ngemuva, nokuthi ubudlelwano bamandla buthinta kanjani ukusatshalaliswa kwezinsizakalo. Ngakho-ke, indlela ephelele idlulela ngale komuntu ngamunye iye ezingeni lesistimu.
I-Penutup
I-anthropology yezokwelapha isikhumbuza ukuthi impilo iyinto eyinkimbinkimbi yomuntu. Umzimba ubalulekile, kodwa uhlala ugxile emasikweni, ebuhlotsheni bezenhlalo, ezomnotho, kanye nezinqubomgomo. Ngakho-ke, indlela ephelele ayiyona nje into ehambisana nemithi kodwa kunalokho iwukwanda kwendlela esiqonda futhi siphatha ngayo ukugula.
Uma ochwepheshe bezempilo, abenzi bezinqubomgomo, kanye nomphakathi bebheka impilo ngokuphelele—behlanganisa izici zezinto eziphilayo nomongo wezenhlalo—kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi sinikeze izinsizakalo ezinobuntu, ezisebenzayo, nezilinganayo. Ekugcineni, impilo ayigcini nje ngokungabikho kwezifo, kodwa imayelana nekhono lokuphila impilo enenjongo endaweni esekelayo.
