Ukuhlaziywa Kwemikhuba Yokwelapha Yendabuko Nge-Anthropological
Imithi yendabuko ingenye yemikhuba yamasiko ehlala isikhathi eside emlandweni wesintu. Ayikho nje kuphela njengeqoqo lamasu okuphulukisa kodwa futhi njengohlelo lolwazi olufakwe ezindinganisweni zomphakathi, ezinkolelweni, nasezinhlakeni zomphakathi. Ezifundweni ze-anthropology, imithi yendabuko iqondwa njengengxenye yesiko: indlela umphakathi ochaza ngayo ukugula, umzimba, impilo, kanye nobudlelwano phakathi kwabantu nemvelo kanye nomhlaba ongokomoya. Ngombono we-anthropology, singabona ukuthi imikhuba yendabuko yokuphulukisa ayiyona nje "izindlela" zokwelapha zanamuhla, kodwa kunalokho iyindlela yokuphila enomqondo wayo, igunya, kanye nomsebenzi womphakathi.
Imithi Yendabuko Njengesistimu Yolwazi Lwezamasiko
I-Anthropology ibheka isiko njengomzimba wolwazi olufundiwe noluzuzwe njengefa. Ngokomongo wezempilo, lolu lwazi luhlanganisa ukuhlukaniswa kwezifo, ukuxilongwa, izinketho zokwelapha, ngisho nemithetho yokuzithiba kanye nemikhuba. Imiphakathi eminingi ine-cosmologies ethile echaza izimbangela zokugula. Isibonelo, ukugula kungaqondwa njengokungalingani kwezinto ezishisayo nezibandayo, ukuphazamiseka kwemimoya, ukwephulwa kwemithetho engavunyelwe, noma ukubonakaliswa kwengxabano yomphakathi. Lolu hlaka lwencazelo lwakha lokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-ethnomedicine, uhlelo lwezokwelapha oluhlukile eqenjini lamasiko.
Kwezokwelapha ngesintu, abelaphi bendabuko—abathakathi, ama-tabib, ama-balian (abalaphi bendabuko), ama-sinse (abalaphi bendabuko), noma abaholi bendabuko—baba negunya hhayi nje ngenxa yobuchwepheshe babo bokwenza imithi, kodwa futhi nangenxa yekhono labo lokufunda izimpawu zomphakathi nezingokomoya. Ukwelapha kuba inqubo exhumanisa umzimba nesakhiwo sezenhlalo. Ngakho-ke, ukuphulukiswa akukhona nje ukususwa kwezimpawu zomzimba, kodwa kunalokho ukubuyiselwa kokuzwana phakathi komuntu ngamunye, umphakathi, kanye namandla okukholelwa ukuthi athonya impilo.
Umqondo Wezifo: Ukugula Nezifo
Omunye weminikelo ebalulekile ye-anthropology yezokwelapha umehluko phakathi kwesifo nokugula. Isifo sibhekisela enkingeni yezinto eziphilayo elinganiswa ngokwezokwelapha, kuyilapho ukugula kubhekisela ekuhlangenwe nakho komuntu okuzimele kokugula—kufaka phakathi imizwa, izincazelo, ukucwaswa, kanye nokuchazwa komphakathi. Imithi yendabuko ivame ukuvumelana kakhulu nendawo yokugula ngoba ibhekana nokuhlangenwe nakho okuphelele kwesiguli. Isiguli singase sibe nesikhalazo somzimba, kodwa abelaphi bendabuko babuza ngobudlelwano bomndeni, imizwa yangaphakathi, amaphupho, noma izenzakalo ezithile ezibhekwa njengezimbangela zezinto eziphilayo.
Ngokombono wesintu, lokhu akusho ukuthi imithi yendabuko "ayinangqondo." Ukucabanga kwayo kuhlukile: isebenza ngaphakathi kohlaka olungokomfanekiso nolwezenhlalo oluqashelwa umphakathi. Uma umphakathi ukholelwa ukuthi ukugula kuvela "ekungavumelani" noma "ukuphazamiseka okungaphezu kwemvelo," ukuphulukiswa kwesiko kubhekwa njengokufanelekile ngoba kulungisa imbangela ekholwekayo.
Amasiko, Izimpawu, kanye Nemiphumela Yokwelapha
Imikhuba yokwelapha yendabuko ivame ukuhilela amasiko: imithandazo, ama-mantra, iminikelo, ukubhema, noma izenzo ezithile ezingokomfanekiso. Izazi ze-anthropology zibheka la masiko hhayi nje "izengezo," kodwa kunalokho njengezinto eziyinhloko ezakha incazelo nokwethembana. Amasiko adala isimo lapho iziguli zizizwa zinakekelwa, ziqondwa, futhi zinethemba. Ezimweni eziningi, lezi zingxenye ezingokomfanekiso zinegalelo ezinguqukweni zengqondo ezibonakalayo—njengokunciphisa ukucindezeleka, umuzwa wokuzola, noma ukuzethemba okukhulu ekululameni.
Lo mphumela ungachazwa ngomqondo we-placebo kwezokwelapha zanamuhla, kodwa i-anthropology igcizelela ukuthi "i-placebo" akuyona nje inkohliso; ingumphumela wokuxhumana kwezinkolelo, okulindelwe, ubudlelwano bezenhlalo, kanye nomongo wamasiko. Lapho umelaphi wendabuko ebhekwa njengone-"charisma" noma amandla angokomoya, ukuhlangana kokwelapha kuba umcimbi onamandla wezenhlalo. Ukuba khona komndeni, ukwesekwa komphakathi, kanye nochungechunge lwezimpawu kusiza ekwakheni isipiliyoni sokuphulukiswa ngangokunokwenzeka futhi okunokwenzeka.
Ubudlelwano Bezenhlalo kanye Nendima Yabelaphi Bendabuko
Emiphakathini eminingi, abelaphi bendabuko banesikhundla esiyingqayizivele emphakathini. Bangasebenza njengabalamuleli bezingxabano, abeluleki bokuziphatha, kanye nabagcini bebhalansi yomphakathi. Abelaphi bendabuko bavame ukubhekana nezinkinga okunzima ukuzixoxa ngokukhululekile—njengokukhathazeka, izingxabano zomndeni, noma ukwesaba. Ngolimi lwamasiko olutholakalayo, abelaphi bangazibiza lezi zinkinga futhi banikeze izixazululo ezamukelekayo emphakathini.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, abelaphi bendabuko bavame ukufinyeleleka kalula: baseduze ngokwendawo, baguquguquka ngokwezomnotho (inkokhelo ingaba ngesimo sezimpahla noma izinsizakalo), futhi bajwayelene nolimi lwendawo kanye nemikhuba yendawo. Lesi sici sokufinyeleleka senza kube lula ukuqhubeka nokukhetha imithi yendabuko ngisho nalapho izikhungo zezokwelapha zesimanje zitholakala. Ngokombono wesintu, ukukhetha ukwelashwa akuyona nje isinqumo somuntu ngamunye, kodwa kunalokho kuyisinqumo esibunjwe amanethiwekhi omndeni, isimo senhlalo, kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho komphakathi.
Ubukhulu Bemvelo: Ubudlelwano Phakathi Kwabantu Nemvelo
Imikhuba eminingi yokwelapha yendabuko incike olwazini lwezitshalo zokwelapha, izilwane, kanye nezinsiza zemvelo. I-anthropology yezemvelo ibheka lokhu njengokubonakaliswa kokuzivumelanisa kwabantu nendawo abakuyo. Ulwazi ngamakhambi, izinongo, izimpande, amaqabunga, noma amasu okubhucunga lukhula ngokusebenzisa ulwazi olude, ukudluliselwa kwezizukulwane ezahlukene, kanye nokubuka imvelo.
Kodwa-ke, ukwenziwa kwesimanje kuletha izinselele: ukulahlekelwa ukuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo, ukuguqulwa komhlaba, kanye nokuthengiswa kwezitshalo zokwelapha. Lapho imithi yendabuko ikhiqizwa ngobuningi, ulwazi olwalukhona endaweni kanye nolwesimo lungasuswa ekuziphatheni okuhle kanye nemithetho yendabuko elawulayo. I-Anthropology isikhumbuza ukuthi ubudlelwano bomphakathi nemvelo abugcini nje "ngezinto zokusetshenziswa," kodwa futhi bumayelana nobunikazi, umthwalo wemfanelo, kanye nendlela yokuphila.
Amandla, Ukufaneleka, kanye Nokulamula
Imithi yendabuko ikhona nangaphakathi kombango wamandla. Emazweni amaningi, imithi yezokwelapha isekelwa yizikhungo zikahulumeni, imfundo esemthethweni, kanye nemithetho eqinile. Okwamanje, imithi yendabuko ivame ukubhekwa “njengengeyona esemthethweni,” naphezu komkhuba wayo osabalele. I-anthropology ebucayi igcizelela indlela izincazelo “zesayensi” kanye “nezingasiyona eyesayensi” ezivame ukuhlotshaniswa ngayo negunya, ezombusazwe zolwazi, kanye nezintshisekelo zezomnotho.
Inqubo yokwelapha—ukuthambekela kokubuka izici eziningi zokuphila njengezinkinga zezokwelapha—ingashintsha indlela umphakathi oqonda ngayo ukugula. Izimo ezazibhekwa njengokuhlangenwe nakho kwezenhlalo noma okungokomoya zingancishiswa zibe yizifo zezokwelapha nje. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kukhona nomkhuba wokuhlanganisa imithi yendabuko ohlelweni lwezempilo olusemthethweni. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kunethuba elihle uma kwenziwa ngokuhlonipha umongo wamasiko nokuphepha kwesiguli, kodwa futhi kubeka engcupheni ukunciphisa imikhuba yendabuko ibe “imikhiqizo yamakhambi” nje ngaphandle kokuqonda imikhuba yayo kanye nobukhulu bayo bezenhlalo.
Ukuhwebelana Komhlaba Wonke kanye Nokuthengiswa Kwemithi Yendabuko
Ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kulethe imithi yendabuko ezindaweni ezintsha: izimakethe zomhlaba wonke, imboni yezempilo, kanye nezinkundla zokuxhumana. Imikhuba efana nemithi yamakhambi, i-acupuncture, noma ukubhucungwa kwendabuko kungakhuthazwa njengendlela yokuphila. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lokhu kuvula amathuba ezomnotho kanye nokuqashelwa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuholela ekuthengisweni kwempahla: ulwazi lwendawo luyathengiswa, lunelungelo lobunikazi, noma luhlukaniswe nemiphakathi yalo.
I-Anthropology igcizelela ukubaluleka kokuziphatha: obani abazuzayo kulokhu kuhweba? Ingabe imiphakathi enolwazi ithola ukuqashelwa kanye nezinzuzo ezifanele? Ingabe imikhuba iyashintshwa ukuze ivumelane nezintandokazi zemakethe, ngaleyo ndlela ilahlekelwe ukubaluleka kwayo kwamasiko? Le mibuzo ibalulekile ekuqondeni ukuguquguquka kwemithi yendabuko ezweni lanamuhla.
Isiphetho
Ukuhlaziywa kwe-anthropology kukhombisa ukuthi imithi yendabuko iyindlela eyinkimbinkimbi: iyisimiso solwazi, izindlela zomphakathi, kanye nochungechunge lwezimpawu ezakha indlela imiphakathi eqonda ngayo ukugula nokwelashwa. Le mikhuba ayinakwahlulelwa kuphela ngokombono wokusebenza kahle kwezinto eziphilayo, njengoba isebenza futhi ezicini zengqondo, zenhlalo, nezingokomoya. Empilweni yanamuhla, imithi yendabuko ibhekene nezinselele ezivela ekuthuthukisweni kwesimanje, imithethonqubo, kanye nemakethe yomhlaba wonke. Noma kunjalo, iyaqhubeka ngoba inikeza okuthile i-biomedicine evame ukwehluleka ukukufeza ngokugcwele: okuhlangenwe nakho kokuphulukisa okuphelele, okugxile emphakathini, kanye nokunenjongo yamasiko. Ngokuqonda le mikhuba nge-anthropology, singakhuthaza ingxoxo elinganayo phakathi kwezinhlelo zezempilo ezahlukene kanye nezinqubomgomo zokuklama ezihlonipha ukuhlakanipha kwendawo ngenkathi zivikela ukuphepha nenhlalakahle yemiphakathi.
