1. Mutemo waHooke wezvitubu
Kana chitubu chikadhonzwa kurudyi, chitubu chinotambanuka uye chinowedzera kureba (mufananidzo 1). Kana simba rekudhonza risiri guru, zvinowanikwa kuti kuwedzera kwehurefu hwechitubu (Δx) kunoenderana nehukuru hwesimba rekudhonza (F). Nemamwe mashoko, simba rekudhonza rakakura, kureba kwechitubu kunowedzerawo. Kuenzanisa hukuru hwesimba rekudhonza (F) nekuwedzera kwehurefu hwechitubu (Δx) kunogara kuripo.
Chitubu chinodhonzwa kurudyi kuitira kuti chiwedzere kureba kweΔx. Kuwedzera kureba kwechitubu kunoenderana nesimba rekudhonza.
Girafu yehukama huripo pakati peSimba (F) nekuwedzera kwehurefu hwechitubu (Δx), uko F inoenderana neΔx. Kuenzanisa F neΔx hakuchinji.
Chiyero chesimba (F) nekuwedzera kwehurefu hwechitubu (Δx) chinoratidzwa negirafu yakafanana yekutsvedza (mufananidzo 2).
F / Δ x = k
F = k Δ x
k inguva yechirimo kana kuti chiyero chekusimba kwechirimo. Hukama uhwu hwakatanga kuonekwa naRobert Hooke (1635 - 1703) muna 1678, uye nekudaro hwaizivikanwa semutemo waHooke.
Kana simba rinoshandiswa pachitubu rikapfuura muganho wekusimba kwechitubu, mushure mekunge simba rabviswa, hurefu hwechitubu hahudzokeri pahurefu hwaro hwepakutanga. Mutemo waHooke unoshanda chete pamuganho wekusimba kwechitubu. Muganho wekusimba kwechitubu isimba guru rinogona kupihwa kuchitubu chisati chachinja chimiro zvachose, uye hurefu hwechitubu hahugone kudzokera pahurefu hwaro hwepakutanga. Kana simba rikaramba richikwira, chitubu chinokuvadzwa.
2. Mutemo waHooke wekusaita zvechitubu
Mutemo waHooke unoshandawo kune zvinhu zvese zvakasimba. Kana pachinhu chakasimba, simba rekunze rikapihwa, chinhu chinoshanduka chimiro. Tinokurukura nezvekuchinja kwechimiro chezvinhu izvi zvakasimba tichishandisa pfungwa yekushushikana nekumanikidzwa. Kushushikana kunoreva simba remasimba anoita kuti chimiro chechinhu chishanduke. Kushushikana kunoreva kuchinja kwechimiro chezvinhu nekuda kwekumanikidzwa. Zvakaonekwa kuti kana paine kushushikana kushoma nekumanikidzwa, kushushikana kunoenderana nekumanikidzwa. Chiyero chekushushikana nekumanikidzwa chinogara chiripo, uko ichi chinoenzaniswa chinonzi modulus of elasticity.
Kushushikana / Kushungurudzika = elastic modulus
Hukama uhwu hunonziwo mutemo waHooke, nemamiriro ezvinhu kushushikana kunoenderana nekumanikidzwa uye chiyero chiripo pakati pekumanikidzwa nekumanikidzwa chinogara chiripo. Kana simba rinoshanda pachinhu rinopfuura kusimba kwezvinhu, mutemo waHooke haushande. Mutemo waHooke unoshanda chete pamiganhu yekusimba kwechinhu.
Kune mhando nhatu dze elastic modulus, Young's modulus, shear modulus, uye bulk modulus.
2.1 Modulus yeYoung
Kana magumo ese ari maviri etambo, waya, kana tambo akadhonzwa nesimba nehukuru hwakafanana uye nedivi rakapesana, tambo, waya, kana tambo inenge iri mumamiriro ekumanikidzwa. Mienzaniso muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva ine chekuita neizvi inosanganisira tambo inobata vanokwira matombo, waya inobata maelevator, waya, kana mitsetse yemitoro kana magaba ari pamasisitimu ekutakura nekuburitsa zvinhu mungarava, nezvimwewo. Tambo dzekumanikidzwa, waya, kana tambo dzinosangana nekumanikidzwa kwekumanikidzwa nekuda kwekumanikidzwa kwekumanikidzwa. Tinotsanangura kumanikidzwa kwekumanikidzwa sechiyero chesimba rekumanikidzwa (F) kunzvimbo yechikamu chechinhu (A). Ukuwo, kumanikidzwa kwekumanikidzwa kunotsanangurwa sechiyero chekuwedzera kwehurefu (Δl) nehurefu hwekutanga hwechinhu (lo). Young's Modulus chiyero chekumanikidzwa kwekumanikidzwa kune kumanikidzwa kwekumanikidzwa.
Kumanikidzwa kwesimba / kumanikidzwa kwesimba = Young's modulus
F/A: Δl/lo = Y
Kana kumanikidzwa kwekudhonza kuri kudiki, kureba kwechinhu kuchadzokera pakare mushure mekunge simba rabviswa. Kana kumanikidzwa kwekudhonza kwakapfuura kusimba kwechinhu, kureba kwechinhu hakudzoke pakare mushure mekunge simba rabviswa. Kana kumanikidzwa kwekudhonza kukaramba kuchiwedzera, chinhu chinotyoka.
2.2 Modulus yekuchekerera
Isa bhuku gobvu pamusoro petafura. Isa ruoko rwako pamusoro pebhuku wosundira pamusoro pebhuku mberi. Kusundira kwako kunoshanda pamusoro pebhuku uye kwakananga mberi, kwakaenzana nepamusoro pebhuku. Pasi pebhuku panogara pakagadzikana nekukweshana kwakasimba kune rimwe divi rakapesana nekusundira. Pakutanga, chimiro chebhuku chaive mativi mana kana kuti rectangular, mushure mekusundidzirwa, chimiro chebhuku chakashanduka kuita parallelogram. Kuchinja kwechimiro chebhuku muenzaniso wechiitiko chekukweshana kwebvudzi nekuda kwekuvapo kwekumanikidzwa kwebvudzi.
Kudzvanywa kwesimbi kunotsanangurwa sechiyero chesimba (F) kunzvimbo yepamusoro (A) inoshandurwa. Kudzvanywa kwesimbi kunotsanangurwa sechiyero cheΔx kusvika pakukwirira kwechinhu (h). Chiyero chekudzvanywa kwesimbi kusvika pasimbi inonzi shear modulus.
Kudzvanywa/kuchekwa kweganda = Kuchekwa kweganda
F/A: Δx/h = Modulus yekuchekerera
2.3 Modulus yeBulk
Mufirimu renhoroondo pamusoro peHondo Yenyika II, kune zviitiko zvehondo mugungwa zvichishandisa ngarava dzemugungwa. Nekuti dzinoda kuvanda kubva kungarava dzemugungwa dzevavengi, ngarava yemugungwa yenyika inonyura zvakadzika uye inosvika pasi pegungwa. Zvinoshamisa kuti rusvingo rwengarava yemugungwa rwakatsemuka zvekuti mvura yemugungwa yakapinda mukati mengarava yemugungwa. Rusvingo rwengarava yemugungwa rwakatsemuka nekuda kwekumanikidzwa kwaiitwa nemvura yemugungwa pamusoro pengarava yemugungwa. Kumanikidzwa kwemvura yemugungwa kwakaenzana nekudzika kwemvura yemugungwa. Kudzika kwekunyura, kumanikidzwa kwemvura yemugungwa kunowedzera. Kana kuvakwa kwemadziro engarava yemugungwa kusina kusimba, rusvingo rwengarava yemugungwa ruchatsemuka.
Nyaya yengarava yepasi pemvura yakatsemuka nekuda kwekumanikidzwa kwemvura yegungwa pamusoro payo yese muenzaniso wechinhu chiri kusangana nekumanikidzwa kwevhoriyamu nekuda kwekumanikidzwa kwevhoriyamu. Kumanikidzwa kwevhoriyamu kunotsanangurwa sechiyero chesimba rese (F) rinoshanda pamusoro pechinhu chose kunzvimbo yepamusoro (A) yechinhu. Kumanikidzwa kwevhoriyamu kunotsanangurwa sechiyero chekuderedzwa kwevhoriyamu (-ΔV) kune vhoriyamu yekutanga (Vo) yechinhu. Chiyero chekumanikidzwa kwevhoriyamu kune chisimba chevhoriyamu chinonzi bulk modulus.
Kumanikidzwa kwevhoriyamu / kumanikidzwa kwevhoriyamu = modulus yakawanda
– ΔF/A : ΔV/V o = bulk modulus
Zvinhu zvakasimba uye zvine mvura zvine modulus yakawanda, asi zvinhu zvakasimba chete ndizvo zvine modulus yaYoung uye shear modulus.
